Research Article
Growth Performance, Body Composition, Haematological and Serum Parameters to Fish Meal Replacement by Soybean Meal and Cottonseed Meal in Russian Sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii)
Abstract
In this study, the effects
of replacement of fish meal by soybean meal and cottonseed meal on growth, body
composition, blood and serum parameters of Russian sturgeon (Acipenser
gueldenstaedtii) were investigated. Five experimental diets were formulated
to be isonitrogenous (49 % protein) and isolipidic (20 % lipid). Diets were
prepared with graded levels (20 % and 40 %) of soybean (SM) and
cottonseed (CM) meals as SM20, SM40, CM20, CM40
and a control diet (FM, only fish meal with no SM and CM
inclusion). Sturgeon (50.00±0.06 g) were randomly distributed into fifteen
500-L square tanks at 25 fish per tank. Fish were weighed in bulk biweekly
after suspending feeding for 1 day. Fish were fed near satiation by hand at
08:00, 12:00 and 16:00 hours for 8 weeks. Sturgeon fed CM20 and CM40
diets displayed higher specific growth rate (SGR) and lower feed
conversion ratio (FCR) when compared with fish fed SM40 and FM
(P<0.05). There were no differences among groups for the percentage of blood
cells, including lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes of sturgeons. Alkaline
phosphatase (ALP) of SM20 and SM40 groups were
significantly lower than that of FM group (P<0.05). The results of
this study revealed that dietary cottonseed meal could be used for enhancement
in juvenile sturgeon.
References
- AOAC. 2000. Official methods of analysis of the association of official analytical chemists. 17th edt, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
- Bu X, Chen A, Lian X, Chen F, Zhang Y, Muhammad I, Ge X, Yang Y. 2017. An evaluation of replacing fish meal with cottonseed meal in the diet of juvenile Ussuri catfish Pseudobagrus ussuriensis: Growth, antioxidant capacity, nonspecific immunity and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila. Aquaculture. 479:829-837. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.07.032
- Cai C, Li E, Ye Y, Krogdahl A, Jiang G, Wang Y, Chen L. 2011. Effect of dietary graded levels of cottonseed meal and gossypol on growth performance, body composition and health aspects of allogynogenetic silver crucian carp, Carassius auratus gibelio♀× Cyprinus carpio♂. Aquacult Nutr. 17(4):353-360. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2095.2010.00801.x
- Collins SA, Desai AR, Mansfield GS, Hill JE, van Kessel AG, Drew MD. 2012. The effect of increasing inclusion rates of soybean, pea and canola meals and their protein concentrates on the growth of rainbow trout: concepts in diet formulation and experimental design for ingredient evaluation. Aquaculture. 344-349:90-99. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.02.018
- Drew MD, Ogunkoya AE, Janz DM, van Kessel AG. 2007. Dietary influence of replacing fish meal and oil with canola protein concentrate and vegetable oils on growth performance, fatty acid composition and organochlorine residues in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture. 267(1-4):260-268. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.01.002
- El‐Saidy DMSD, Gaber MMA. 2002. Complete replacement of fish meal by soybean meal with dietary L‐lysine supplementation for Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) fingerlings. J World Aquacult Soc. 33(3):297-306. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-7345.2002.tb00506.x
- El‐Saidy DMSD, Saad AS. 2011. Effects of partial and complete replacement of soybean meal with cottonseed meal on growth, feed utilization and haematological indexes for mono‐sex male Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) fingerlings. Aquac Res. 42(3):351-359. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2010.02629.x
- FAO. 2014. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, Opportunities and Challenges. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ISSN 1020-5489.
- Folch J, Lees M, Sloane Stanley GH. 1957. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues. J Biol Chem. 226(1):497-509.
- Gatlin III DM, Barrows FT, Brown P, Dabrowski K, Gaylord TG, Hardy RW, Herman E, Hu G, Krogdahl Å, Nelson R, Overturf K, Rust M, Sealey W, Skonberg D, Souza EJ, Stone D, Wilson R, Wurtele E. 2007. Expanding the utilization of sustainable plant products in aquafeeds: A review. Aquac Res. 38(6):551-579. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2007.01704.x
- Gui D, Liu W, Shao X, Xu W. 2010. Effects of different dietary levels of cottonseed meal protein hydrolysate on growth, digestibility, body composition and serum biochemical indices in crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). Anim Feed Sci Technol. 156(3-4):112-120. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.01.012
- Hansen JØ, Shearer KD, Øverland M, Penn MH, Krogdahl Å, Mydland LT, Storebakken T. 2011. Replacement of LT fish meal with a mixture of partially deshelled krill meal and pea protein concentrates in diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture. 315(3-4):275-282. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.02.038
- Hardy RW. 2010. Utilization of plant proteins in fish diets: effects of global demand and supplies of fishmeal. Aquac Res. 41(5):770-776. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02349.x
- Jiang HB, Chen LQ, Qin JG. 2018. Fishmeal replacement by soybean, rapeseed and cottonseed meals in hybrid sturgeon Acipenser baerii♀ × Acipenser schrenckii♂. Aquacult Nutr. 24(4):1369-1377. doi: 10.1111/anu.12674
- Kaushik SJ, Cravedi JP, Lalles JP, Sumpter J, Fauconneau B, Laroche M. 1995. Partial or total replacement of fish meal by soybean protein on growth, protein utilization, potential estrogenic or antigenic effects, cholesterolemia and flesh quality in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture. 133(3-4):257-274. doi: 10.1016/0044-8486(94)00403-B
- Li MH, Robinson EH. 2006. Use of cottonseed meal in aquatic animal diets: a review. N Am J Aquac. 68(1):14-22. doi: 10.1577/A05-028.1
- Li MH, Robinson EH, Oberle DF, Lucas PM, Bosworth BG. 2012. Evaluation of corn gluten feed and cottonseed meal as partial replacements for soybean meal and corn in diets for pond‐raised hybrid catfish, Ictalurus punctatus × I. furcatus. J World Aquacult Soc. 43(1):107-113. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-7345.2011.00542.x
- Lim SJ, Lee KJ. 2009. Partial replacement of fish meal by cottonseed meal and soybean meal with iron and phytase supplementation for parrot fish Oplegnathus fasciatus. Aquaculture. 290(3-4):283-289. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.02.018
- Lim SJ, Lee KJ. 2011. A microbial fermentation of soybean and cottonseed meal increases antioxidant activity and gossypol detoxification in diets for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. J World Aquacult Soc. 42(4):494-503. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-7345.2011.00491.x
- Liu H, Yan Q, Han D, Jin J, Zhu X, Yang Y, Xie S. 2016. Effect of dietary cottonseed meal on growth performance, physiological response, and gossypol accumulation in pre-adult grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus. Chin J Oceanol Lim. 34(5):992-1003. doi: 10.1007/s00343-016-4115-4
- Luo L, Xue M, Wu X, Cai X, Cao H, Liang Y. 2006. Partial or total replacement of fishmeal by solvent‐extracted cottonseed meal in diets for juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquac Nutr. 12(6):418-424. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2095.2006.00443.x
- Luo Z, Liu CX, Wen H. 2012. Effect of dietary fish meal replacement by canola meal on growth performance and hepatic intermediary metabolism of genetically improved farmed tilapia strain of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, reared in fresh water. J World Aquacult Soc. 43(5):670-678. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-7345.2012.00601.x
- Øverland M, Sørensen M, Storebakken T, Penn M, Krogdahl Å, Skrede A. 2009. Pea protein concentrate substituting fish meal or soybean meal in diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)-effect on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass composition, gut health, and physical feed quality. Aquaculture. 288(3-4):305-311. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.12.012
- Pham MA., Lee KJ, Lim SJ, Park KH. 2007. Evaluation of cottonseed and soybean meal as partial replacement for fishmeal in diets for juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Fish Sci. 73(4):760-769. doi: 10.1111/j.1444-2906.2007.01394.x
- Sales J. 2009. The effect of fish meal replacement by soyabean products on fish growth: a meta-analysis. Br J Nutr. 102(12):1709-1722. doi: 10.1017/S0007114509991279
- Tacon AG, Metian M. 2008. Global overview on the use of fish meal and fish oil in industrially compounded aquafeeds: Trends and future prospects. Aquaculture. 285(1-4):146-158. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.08.015
- Tidwell JH, Coyle SD, Bright LA, Yasharian D. 2005. Evaluation of plant and animal source proteins for replacement of fish meal in practical diets for the largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. J World Aquacult Soc. 36(4):454-463. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-7345.2005.tb00393.x
- Toko II, Fiogbe ED, Kestemont P. 2008. Mineral status of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed diets containing graded levels of soybean or cottonseed meals. Aquaculture. 275(1-4):298-305. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.11.038
- Viola S, Mokady S, Rappaport U, Arieli Y. 1982. Partial and complete replacement of fishmeal by soybean meal in feeds for intensive culture of carp. Aquaculture. 26(3-4):223-236. doi: 10.1016/0044-8486(82)90158-2
- Wang XF, Li XQ, Leng XJ, Shan LL, Zhao JX, Wang YT. 2014. Effects of dietary cottonseed meal level on the growth, hematological indices, liver and gonad histology of juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Aquaculture. 428:79-87. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.02.040
- Webster CD, Tidwell JH, Goodgame LS, Yancey DH, Mackey L. 1992. Use of soybean meal and distillers grains with solubles as partial or total replacement of fish meal in diets for channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Aquaculture. 106(3-4):301-309. doi: 10.1016/0044-8486(92)90262-J
- Yue YR, Zhou QC. 2008. Effect of replacing soybean meal with cottonseed meal on growth, feed utilization, and hematological indexes for juvenile hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus. Aquaculture. 284(1-4):185-189. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.07.030
- Zar JH. 1999. Biostatistical Analysis. 4th edt. Upper Saddle River, New Jersery: Prentice-Hall 929 p.
- Zheng Q, Wen X, Han C, Li H, Xie X. 2012. Effect of replacing soybean meal with cottonseed meal on growth, hematology, antioxidant enzymes activity and expression for juvenile grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus. Fish Physiol Biochem. 38(4):1059-1069. doi: 10.1007/s10695-011-9590-0
- Zhou QL, Habte‐Tsion HM, Ge X, Liu B, Xie J, Ren M, Miao L, Pan L. 2016. Growth performance and TOR pathway gene expression of juvenile blunt snout bream, Megalobrama amblycephala, fed with diets replacing fish meal with cottonseed meal. Aquac Res. 48(7):3693-3704. doi: 10.1111/are.13195
Rus Mersin Balığında (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii) Büyüme Performansı, Vücut Kompozisyonu, Kan ve Serum Parametreleri Açısından Balık Unu Yerine Soya Unu ve Keten Tohumu Küspesi Kullanımı
Abstract
Bu çalışmada, balık unu
yerine soya fasulyesi unu ve keten tohumu küspesi kullanımının Rus mersin
balığında (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii)
büyüme, vücut kompozisyonu, kan ve serum parametreleri üzerine etkileri
incelenmiştir. İzonitrojenik (% 49 protein) ve izolipidik (% 20 yağ) olmak
üzere beş deneysel yem formüle edilmiştir. Yemler, kademeli seviyelerde (% 20
ve % 40) soya unu (SU) ve keten
tohumu küspesi (KU) ilavesiyle SU20, SU40, KU20, KU40 ve bir de kontrol yemi (SU ve KU ilavesi olmadan sadece balık unuyla (BU)) olarak hazırlanmıştır. Deneme başlangıcında, tank başına
ortalama 50,00 ± 0,06 g ağırlıktaki 25 balık, 500 L’lik 15 adet kare tanka
rastgele dağıtılmıştır. Balıklar iki haftada bir, 1 gün beslemeye ara vermek
suretiyle toplu olarak tartılmıştır. Balıklar 8 hafta boyunca 08:00, 12:00 ve
16:00 saatlerinde doyana kadar beslenmiştir. KU20 ve KU40 ile beslenen
mersin balıkları BU ve SU40 ile beslenenlere göre daha yüksek
spesifik büyüme oranı (SBO) ve daha
düşük yem dönüşüm oranı (YDO)
göstermiştir (P<0,05). Balıkların kan hücrelerinden lenfosit, monosit ve
granülositler gruplar arasında bir farklılık yoktur. SU20 ve SU40 gruplarının Alkalin fosfat (ALF) BU
grubundan önemli derecede düşüktür (P<0,05) Bu çalışmanın sonuçları, yavru mersin balığı için
yemsel keten tohumu küspesinin kullanılabileceğini göstermiştir.
References
- AOAC. 2000. Official methods of analysis of the association of official analytical chemists. 17th edt, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
- Bu X, Chen A, Lian X, Chen F, Zhang Y, Muhammad I, Ge X, Yang Y. 2017. An evaluation of replacing fish meal with cottonseed meal in the diet of juvenile Ussuri catfish Pseudobagrus ussuriensis: Growth, antioxidant capacity, nonspecific immunity and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila. Aquaculture. 479:829-837. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.07.032
- Cai C, Li E, Ye Y, Krogdahl A, Jiang G, Wang Y, Chen L. 2011. Effect of dietary graded levels of cottonseed meal and gossypol on growth performance, body composition and health aspects of allogynogenetic silver crucian carp, Carassius auratus gibelio♀× Cyprinus carpio♂. Aquacult Nutr. 17(4):353-360. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2095.2010.00801.x
- Collins SA, Desai AR, Mansfield GS, Hill JE, van Kessel AG, Drew MD. 2012. The effect of increasing inclusion rates of soybean, pea and canola meals and their protein concentrates on the growth of rainbow trout: concepts in diet formulation and experimental design for ingredient evaluation. Aquaculture. 344-349:90-99. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.02.018
- Drew MD, Ogunkoya AE, Janz DM, van Kessel AG. 2007. Dietary influence of replacing fish meal and oil with canola protein concentrate and vegetable oils on growth performance, fatty acid composition and organochlorine residues in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture. 267(1-4):260-268. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.01.002
- El‐Saidy DMSD, Gaber MMA. 2002. Complete replacement of fish meal by soybean meal with dietary L‐lysine supplementation for Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) fingerlings. J World Aquacult Soc. 33(3):297-306. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-7345.2002.tb00506.x
- El‐Saidy DMSD, Saad AS. 2011. Effects of partial and complete replacement of soybean meal with cottonseed meal on growth, feed utilization and haematological indexes for mono‐sex male Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) fingerlings. Aquac Res. 42(3):351-359. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2010.02629.x
- FAO. 2014. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, Opportunities and Challenges. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ISSN 1020-5489.
- Folch J, Lees M, Sloane Stanley GH. 1957. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues. J Biol Chem. 226(1):497-509.
- Gatlin III DM, Barrows FT, Brown P, Dabrowski K, Gaylord TG, Hardy RW, Herman E, Hu G, Krogdahl Å, Nelson R, Overturf K, Rust M, Sealey W, Skonberg D, Souza EJ, Stone D, Wilson R, Wurtele E. 2007. Expanding the utilization of sustainable plant products in aquafeeds: A review. Aquac Res. 38(6):551-579. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2007.01704.x
- Gui D, Liu W, Shao X, Xu W. 2010. Effects of different dietary levels of cottonseed meal protein hydrolysate on growth, digestibility, body composition and serum biochemical indices in crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). Anim Feed Sci Technol. 156(3-4):112-120. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.01.012
- Hansen JØ, Shearer KD, Øverland M, Penn MH, Krogdahl Å, Mydland LT, Storebakken T. 2011. Replacement of LT fish meal with a mixture of partially deshelled krill meal and pea protein concentrates in diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture. 315(3-4):275-282. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.02.038
- Hardy RW. 2010. Utilization of plant proteins in fish diets: effects of global demand and supplies of fishmeal. Aquac Res. 41(5):770-776. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02349.x
- Jiang HB, Chen LQ, Qin JG. 2018. Fishmeal replacement by soybean, rapeseed and cottonseed meals in hybrid sturgeon Acipenser baerii♀ × Acipenser schrenckii♂. Aquacult Nutr. 24(4):1369-1377. doi: 10.1111/anu.12674
- Kaushik SJ, Cravedi JP, Lalles JP, Sumpter J, Fauconneau B, Laroche M. 1995. Partial or total replacement of fish meal by soybean protein on growth, protein utilization, potential estrogenic or antigenic effects, cholesterolemia and flesh quality in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture. 133(3-4):257-274. doi: 10.1016/0044-8486(94)00403-B
- Li MH, Robinson EH. 2006. Use of cottonseed meal in aquatic animal diets: a review. N Am J Aquac. 68(1):14-22. doi: 10.1577/A05-028.1
- Li MH, Robinson EH, Oberle DF, Lucas PM, Bosworth BG. 2012. Evaluation of corn gluten feed and cottonseed meal as partial replacements for soybean meal and corn in diets for pond‐raised hybrid catfish, Ictalurus punctatus × I. furcatus. J World Aquacult Soc. 43(1):107-113. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-7345.2011.00542.x
- Lim SJ, Lee KJ. 2009. Partial replacement of fish meal by cottonseed meal and soybean meal with iron and phytase supplementation for parrot fish Oplegnathus fasciatus. Aquaculture. 290(3-4):283-289. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.02.018
- Lim SJ, Lee KJ. 2011. A microbial fermentation of soybean and cottonseed meal increases antioxidant activity and gossypol detoxification in diets for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. J World Aquacult Soc. 42(4):494-503. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-7345.2011.00491.x
- Liu H, Yan Q, Han D, Jin J, Zhu X, Yang Y, Xie S. 2016. Effect of dietary cottonseed meal on growth performance, physiological response, and gossypol accumulation in pre-adult grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus. Chin J Oceanol Lim. 34(5):992-1003. doi: 10.1007/s00343-016-4115-4
- Luo L, Xue M, Wu X, Cai X, Cao H, Liang Y. 2006. Partial or total replacement of fishmeal by solvent‐extracted cottonseed meal in diets for juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquac Nutr. 12(6):418-424. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2095.2006.00443.x
- Luo Z, Liu CX, Wen H. 2012. Effect of dietary fish meal replacement by canola meal on growth performance and hepatic intermediary metabolism of genetically improved farmed tilapia strain of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, reared in fresh water. J World Aquacult Soc. 43(5):670-678. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-7345.2012.00601.x
- Øverland M, Sørensen M, Storebakken T, Penn M, Krogdahl Å, Skrede A. 2009. Pea protein concentrate substituting fish meal or soybean meal in diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)-effect on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass composition, gut health, and physical feed quality. Aquaculture. 288(3-4):305-311. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.12.012
- Pham MA., Lee KJ, Lim SJ, Park KH. 2007. Evaluation of cottonseed and soybean meal as partial replacement for fishmeal in diets for juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Fish Sci. 73(4):760-769. doi: 10.1111/j.1444-2906.2007.01394.x
- Sales J. 2009. The effect of fish meal replacement by soyabean products on fish growth: a meta-analysis. Br J Nutr. 102(12):1709-1722. doi: 10.1017/S0007114509991279
- Tacon AG, Metian M. 2008. Global overview on the use of fish meal and fish oil in industrially compounded aquafeeds: Trends and future prospects. Aquaculture. 285(1-4):146-158. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.08.015
- Tidwell JH, Coyle SD, Bright LA, Yasharian D. 2005. Evaluation of plant and animal source proteins for replacement of fish meal in practical diets for the largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. J World Aquacult Soc. 36(4):454-463. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-7345.2005.tb00393.x
- Toko II, Fiogbe ED, Kestemont P. 2008. Mineral status of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed diets containing graded levels of soybean or cottonseed meals. Aquaculture. 275(1-4):298-305. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.11.038
- Viola S, Mokady S, Rappaport U, Arieli Y. 1982. Partial and complete replacement of fishmeal by soybean meal in feeds for intensive culture of carp. Aquaculture. 26(3-4):223-236. doi: 10.1016/0044-8486(82)90158-2
- Wang XF, Li XQ, Leng XJ, Shan LL, Zhao JX, Wang YT. 2014. Effects of dietary cottonseed meal level on the growth, hematological indices, liver and gonad histology of juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Aquaculture. 428:79-87. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.02.040
- Webster CD, Tidwell JH, Goodgame LS, Yancey DH, Mackey L. 1992. Use of soybean meal and distillers grains with solubles as partial or total replacement of fish meal in diets for channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Aquaculture. 106(3-4):301-309. doi: 10.1016/0044-8486(92)90262-J
- Yue YR, Zhou QC. 2008. Effect of replacing soybean meal with cottonseed meal on growth, feed utilization, and hematological indexes for juvenile hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus. Aquaculture. 284(1-4):185-189. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.07.030
- Zar JH. 1999. Biostatistical Analysis. 4th edt. Upper Saddle River, New Jersery: Prentice-Hall 929 p.
- Zheng Q, Wen X, Han C, Li H, Xie X. 2012. Effect of replacing soybean meal with cottonseed meal on growth, hematology, antioxidant enzymes activity and expression for juvenile grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus. Fish Physiol Biochem. 38(4):1059-1069. doi: 10.1007/s10695-011-9590-0
- Zhou QL, Habte‐Tsion HM, Ge X, Liu B, Xie J, Ren M, Miao L, Pan L. 2016. Growth performance and TOR pathway gene expression of juvenile blunt snout bream, Megalobrama amblycephala, fed with diets replacing fish meal with cottonseed meal. Aquac Res. 48(7):3693-3704. doi: 10.1111/are.13195
There are 35 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | December 27, 2018 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2018Volume: 4 Issue: 3 |