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Importance of Determining Genetic Code In Crayfish and Methods Used

Year 2018, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 58 - 66, 27.04.2018

Zübeyde Hanol Bektaş

https://doi.org/10.17216/limnofish.335941

Abstract

Crayfish are one of many freshwater organisms
that are subject to biodiversity changes. The crayfish stocks in the
world and Turkey have been damaged due to the crayfish plaque caused by Aphanomyces
astaci, overfishing water pollution and other causes. For the continuation of endangered
stocks of these species, it is necessary to protect the populations and
restocking into apropriate environment. Environmental factors have an vital
role in the genetic structure of a population. So the genetic diversity between
population is vital because the information of the genetic construction of
population is curical due to the ensuring sustainability and conservation of
these species when evaluated with other factors but, unfortunately, still restricted. With this review, the
genetic study conducted so far will be discussed to try getting important
information for preservation and management of crayfish, because preservation
of genetic diversity is very important for survival or persistence of these
species such a long time.

Keywords

Genetic diversity protection biodiversity molecular identification fisheries

References

  • Ahn DH, Park MIH, Jung JH, Oh MJ, Kim S, Jung J, Min G-S. 2011. Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the Korean crayfish, Cambaroides similis and application to natural population analysis. Anim Cells Syst. 15(1): 37-43.
  • Akhan S, Bektas Y, Berber S, Kalayci G. 2014. Population structure and genetic analysis of narrow-clawed crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus) populations in Turkey. Genetica. 142(5):381–395. doi: 10.1007/s10709-014-9782-5
  • Avise JC, Arnold J, Ball RM, Bermingham E, Lamb T, Neigel JE, Reeb CA, Saunders NC, 1987. Intraspecific phylogeography: the mitochondrial DNA bridge between population genetics and systematics. Annu Rev Ecol Syst. 18: 489-522. doi: 10.1146/annurev.es.18.110187.002421
  • Avise JC. 1994. Molecular markers, Natural History and Evolution. Chapman and Hall (eds.) New York 511p.
  • Bernini G, Bellati A, Pellegrino I, Negri A, Ghia D, Fea G, Galeotti P. 2016. Complexity of biogeographic pattern in the endangered crayfish Austropotamobius italicus in northern Italy: molecular insights of conservation concern. Conserv Genet. 17(1):141-154. doi:10.1007/s10592-015-0767-4
  • Blaha M, Žurovcová M, Kouba A, Policar T, Kozák P. 2016. Founder event and its effect on genetic variation in translocated populations of noble crayfish (Astacus astacus). J Appl Genetics. 57(1):99–106. doi: 10.1007/s13353-015-0296-3
  • Clavero M, Nores C, Kubersky-Piredda S, Centeno-Cuadros A. 2016. Interdisciplinarity to reconstruct historical introductions: solving the status of cryptogenic crayfish. Biol Rev. 91(4):1036-1049. doi: 10.1111/brv.12205
  • Coleman RA, Weeks AR, Hoffmann AA. 2013. Balancing genetic uniqueness and genetic variation in determining conservation and translocation strategies: a comprehensive case study of threatened dwarf galaxias, Galaxiella pusilla (Mack) (Pisces: Galaxiidae). Mol. Ecol. 22(7): 1820–1835. doi: 10.1111/mec.12227
  • Cook BD, Page TJ Hughes JM. 2008. Importance of cryptic species for identifying ‘representive’ units of biodiversity for freshwater conservation. Biol Conser. 141(11): 2821–2831. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2008.08.018
  • DeSalle R, Amato G. 2004. The expansion of conservation genetics. Nature Rev. 5(9): 702–712. doi:10.1038/nrg1425
  • Miller AD, Rooyen AV, Sweeney OF, Whiterod S, Weeks A R. 2013. The development of 10 novel polymorphic markers through next generation sequencing and a preliminary population genetic analysis for the endangered Glenelg spiny crayfish, Eustacus bispinosus. Mol Biol Rep. 40(7):4415-9. doi: 10.1007/s11033-013-2531-5
  • Edsman L, Farris JS, Kallersjo M, Prestegaard T. 2002. Genetic differentiation between noble crayfish, Astacus astacus (L.), populations detected by microsatellite length variation in the rDNA ITS1 region. Bull. Fr. Pêche Piscic. 367 (2002): 691-706. doi:10.1051/kmae:2002082
  • Fetzner Jr J M, Sheehan R J, Seeb Wl. 1997. Genetic implication of broodstock selection for crayfish aquaculture in the Midwestern United States. Aquaculture. 154(1): 39-55. doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(97)00026-4
  • Fetzner Jr J W. 2011. The crayfish and lobster taxonomy browser. Available online via: http://iz.carnegiemnh.org/crayfish/NewAstacidea/ infraorder.asp?io=Astacidea
  • Fevolden S E, Taugbøl T, SkurdaL J. 1994. Allozymic variation among populations of noble crayfish, Astacus astacus L., in southern Norway: implications for management. Aquacult Fish Manage. 25(9): 927-935. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.1994.tb01354.x
  • Furse J M, Bone J W P, Appleton S D, Leland J C, Coughran J. 2012. Conservation of Imperiled Crayfish–Euastacus bindal (Decapoda: Parastacidae), a Highland Crayfish from Far North Queensland, Australia. J Crustacean BioL. 32(4):677–683. doi:10.1163/193724012X633405
  • Geldiay R, Kocataş A. 1970. Türkiye Astacus (Decapoda) Populasyonlarının Dağılış ve Taksonomik Tespiti, Ege Üni. Fen Fak. Gen. Zool. Kürsüsü, İlmi Raporlar serisi, No:94, Biologie 63, İzmir, 11p.[in Turkish].
  • Gouin N, Souty-Grosset C, Ropiquet A, Grandjean F. 2002. High dispersal ability of Austropotamobius pallipes revealed by microsatellite markers in French brook. Bulletin Fraçais de le Peche et de la Pisciculture. 367(2002):681-689. doi:10.1051/kmae:2002059
  • Gouin N, Grandjean F, Souty-Grosset C. 2006. Population genetic structure of the endangered crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes in France based on microsatellite variation: biogeographical inferences and conservation implications. Freshwater Biol. 51(7):1369-1387. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01570.x
  • Gross R, Palm S, Kõiv K, Prestegaard T, Jussila J, Paaver T, Geist J, Kokko H, Karjalainen A, Edsman L. 2013. Microsatellite markers reveal clear geographic structuring among threatened noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) populations in Northern and Central Europe, Conserv Genet. 14 (4):809-821. doi: 10.1007/s10592-013-0476-9
  • Haig S. 1998. Molecular contributions to conservation. Ecology. 79 (2): 413-425. Harlıoğlu M. M 2004. The present situation of freshwater crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus (Eschscholtz, 1823) in Turkey. Aquaculture. 230 (1-4):181–187
  • Harlıoğlu M M, Harlıoğlu A G 2006. Threat of non-native crayfish species introductionsm into Turkey: global lessons. Rev Fish Biol Fish 16(2):171–181.
  • Harlıoğlu M M, Güner U.2007. Studies on the recently discovered crayfish, Austropotamobius torrentium (Shrank, 1803), in Turkey: morphological analysis and meat yield. Aquaculture Res. 37(5): 538- 542. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2006.01451.x
  • Helfrich LA, DiStefano RJ. 2009. Sustaining America’s Aquatic Biodiversity Crayfish Biodiversity and Conservation. Virginia Tech. 420-524.
  • Helms B, Vaught RC, Suciu SK, Santos SR. 2015. Cryptic diversity within two endemic crayfish species of the Southeastern US revealed by molecular genetics and geometric morphometrics. Hydrobiologia. 755(1): 283-298. doi:10.1007/s10750-015-2311-4
  • Koizumi I, Usio N, Kawai T, Azuma N, Masuda R. 2012. Loss of genetic diversity means loss of geological information: The endangered Japanese crayfish exhibits remarkable historical footprints. Plos One. 7(3): e33986. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033986
  • McKniff J. 2012. Investigation of the population genetics of crayfish (Orconectes virilis) using AFLP markers, Degree of Bachelor of Science. p: 1-39.
  • Li Y, Guo X, Deng W, Luo W, Wang W. 2012. Population genetic structure and post-establishment dispersal patterns of the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii in China. Plos One. 7(7):e40652 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040652
  • Liu G, Zhou L, Li X, Lu D. 2013. Population genetic structure of the invasive red swamp crayfish in China revealed by ITS1 variations. Biochem Genet. 51(11-12): 841-852. doi:10.1007/s10528-013-9611-z
  • Largiader C R, Herger F, Lörtscher M, Scholl A. 2000. Assessment of natural and artificial propagation of the white-clawed crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes species complex) in the Alpine region with nuclear and mitochondrial markers. Molecular Ecology. 9 (1):25-37. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.00830.x
  • Matallanas B, Callejas C, Ochando M D. 2012. A genetic approach to Spanish population of the threatened Austropotamobius italicus located at three different scenarios, The Scientific World Journal. 2012 Article ID 975930. doi:10.1100/2012/975930
  • May RM. 2010. Ecological science and tomorrow's world. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 365:(1537): 41–47. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0164
  • Moritz C. 1994. Defining evolutionarily significant units for the conservation. Trends Ecol Evol. 9(10):373-375. doi:10.1016/0169-5347(94)90057-4
  • Owen CL, Bracken-Grissom H, Stern D, Crandall KA. 2015 A synthetic phylogeny of freshwater crayfish: insights for conservation. Philosophical Transactions Royal Society B. 370(1662): 20140009. doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0009
  • Ricciardi A, Rasmussen JB. 1999. Extinction rates in North American freshwater fauna. Conserv Biol. 13(5): 1220–1222. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98380.x
  • Riffel M, Schreiber A. 1995. Coarse-grained population structure in Central European sculpin (Cottus gobio L.): secondary contact or ongoing genetic drift? J Zool Syst Evol Res. 33(3-4):173-184. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1995.tb00970.x
  • Schrimpf A, Schulz HK, Theissinger K, Parvulescu L, Schulz R. 2011. The first large-scale genetic analysis of the vulnerable noble crayfish Astacus astacus reveals low haplotype diversity in central European populations. Knowl Manag Aquat Ec. 401:35 doi:10.1051/kmae/2011065
  • Schrimpf A, Theissinger K, Dahlem Jr, Maguire I, Pârvulescu L, Schulz H K, Schulz R. 2014. Phylogeography of noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) reveals multiple refugia. Freshwater Biol. 59(4):761-776. doi:10.1111/fwb.12302
  • Schulz HK, Smietana P, Schulz R. 2004. Assessment of DNA variations of the noble crayfish (Astacus astacus l.) in Germany and Poland using inter-simple sequence repeats (ıssrs) Bull Fr Peche Piscic. 372-373(2004):387-399. doi:10.1051/kmae:2004012
  • Schulz R. 2000. Status of the noble crayfish Astacus astacus (L.) in Germany: monitoring protocol and the use of RAPD markers to assess the genetic structure of populations. Bull. Fr. Pêche Piscic. 356(2000): 123-138. doi:10.1051/kmae:2000007
  • Selkoe KA, Toone RT. 2006. Microsatellites for ecologists: a practical guide tousing and evaluating. Ecol Lett. 9 (5): 615-629. doi:10.1111/j.14610248.2006.00889.x
  • Vorburger C, Rhyner N, Hartikainen H, Jokela J. 2014. A set of new and cross-amplifying microsatellite loci for conservation genetics of the endangered stone crayfish (Austropotamobius torrentium). Conservation Genet Resour. 6(3):629–63. doi: 10.1007/s12686-014-0157-0
  • Wilson AC, Cann RL, Carr MG, Gyllensten UB, Helm-Bychowski M, Higushi R G, Palumbi SR, Prager EM, Sage RD, Stoneking M, 1985. Mitochondrial DNA and two perspectives on evolutionary genetics. Biol J Linn Soc. 26(4): 375-400. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1985.tb02048.x
  • Yue GH, Wang G L, Zhu B Q, Wang C M, Zhu Z Y, Lo L C. 2008. Discovery of four natural clones in a crayfish species Procambarus clarkii. Int J Biol Sci. 4(5): 279-282
  • Yue GH, Li J, Bai Z, Wang CM, Feng F. 2010. Genetic diversity and population structure of the invasive alien red swamp crayfish. Biol Invasions. 12(8): 2697-2706. doi: 10.1007/s10530-009-9675-1
  • Zhang YJ, Rao GY. 2005. Genetic diversity of an amphicarpic species, Amphicarpaea edgeworthii Benth. (Leguminosae) based on RAPD markers. Biochem Syst Ecol. 33(12): 1246-1257. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2005.07.009

Kerevitlerde Genetik Şifre Belirlemenin Önemi ve Kullanılan Yöntemler

Year 2018, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 58 - 66, 27.04.2018

Zübeyde Hanol Bektaş

https://doi.org/10.17216/limnofish.335941

Abstract

Kerevitler biyoçeşitlilik
değişimlerine maruz kalan birçok tatlı su organizmalarından biridir. Dünyada
ve Türkiye’de kerevit stokları Aphanomyces
astaci fungusunun neden olduğu hastalık, aşırı avcılık, su kirliliği ve
diğer nedenlerden tükenme tehlikesiyle karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Stokları
tehlikede olan bu canlıların devamı için populasyonların korunması ve uygun
çevrelere yeniden stoklanması gerekmektedir. Çevresel faktörler bir
populasyonun genetik kompozisyonunda çok önemli rol oynar. Bu yüzden
populasyonlar arasındaki genetik çeşitlilik büyük öneme sahiptir çünkü
populasyonların genetik yapılarının bilinmesi bu türün devamının sağlanması ve
korunması açısından hayatidir fakat ne yazıkki bu konuda yapılan çalışmalar
hala sınırlıdır. Bu derlemeyle şimdiye kadar yapılan genetik çalışmalar
tartışılarak kerevitlerin korunması ve yönetimi için önemli bilgiler elde
edilmeye çalışılacaktır çünkü genetik çeşitliliğin korunması bu türlerin uzun
süre yaşaması ya da varlığını sürdürmesi için çok önemlidir.

Keywords

Genetik çeşitlilik su ürünleri koruma biyoçeşitlilik moleküler tanılama

References

  • Ahn DH, Park MIH, Jung JH, Oh MJ, Kim S, Jung J, Min G-S. 2011. Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the Korean crayfish, Cambaroides similis and application to natural population analysis. Anim Cells Syst. 15(1): 37-43.
  • Akhan S, Bektas Y, Berber S, Kalayci G. 2014. Population structure and genetic analysis of narrow-clawed crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus) populations in Turkey. Genetica. 142(5):381–395. doi: 10.1007/s10709-014-9782-5
  • Avise JC, Arnold J, Ball RM, Bermingham E, Lamb T, Neigel JE, Reeb CA, Saunders NC, 1987. Intraspecific phylogeography: the mitochondrial DNA bridge between population genetics and systematics. Annu Rev Ecol Syst. 18: 489-522. doi: 10.1146/annurev.es.18.110187.002421
  • Avise JC. 1994. Molecular markers, Natural History and Evolution. Chapman and Hall (eds.) New York 511p.
  • Bernini G, Bellati A, Pellegrino I, Negri A, Ghia D, Fea G, Galeotti P. 2016. Complexity of biogeographic pattern in the endangered crayfish Austropotamobius italicus in northern Italy: molecular insights of conservation concern. Conserv Genet. 17(1):141-154. doi:10.1007/s10592-015-0767-4
  • Blaha M, Žurovcová M, Kouba A, Policar T, Kozák P. 2016. Founder event and its effect on genetic variation in translocated populations of noble crayfish (Astacus astacus). J Appl Genetics. 57(1):99–106. doi: 10.1007/s13353-015-0296-3
  • Clavero M, Nores C, Kubersky-Piredda S, Centeno-Cuadros A. 2016. Interdisciplinarity to reconstruct historical introductions: solving the status of cryptogenic crayfish. Biol Rev. 91(4):1036-1049. doi: 10.1111/brv.12205
  • Coleman RA, Weeks AR, Hoffmann AA. 2013. Balancing genetic uniqueness and genetic variation in determining conservation and translocation strategies: a comprehensive case study of threatened dwarf galaxias, Galaxiella pusilla (Mack) (Pisces: Galaxiidae). Mol. Ecol. 22(7): 1820–1835. doi: 10.1111/mec.12227
  • Cook BD, Page TJ Hughes JM. 2008. Importance of cryptic species for identifying ‘representive’ units of biodiversity for freshwater conservation. Biol Conser. 141(11): 2821–2831. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2008.08.018
  • DeSalle R, Amato G. 2004. The expansion of conservation genetics. Nature Rev. 5(9): 702–712. doi:10.1038/nrg1425
  • Miller AD, Rooyen AV, Sweeney OF, Whiterod S, Weeks A R. 2013. The development of 10 novel polymorphic markers through next generation sequencing and a preliminary population genetic analysis for the endangered Glenelg spiny crayfish, Eustacus bispinosus. Mol Biol Rep. 40(7):4415-9. doi: 10.1007/s11033-013-2531-5
  • Edsman L, Farris JS, Kallersjo M, Prestegaard T. 2002. Genetic differentiation between noble crayfish, Astacus astacus (L.), populations detected by microsatellite length variation in the rDNA ITS1 region. Bull. Fr. Pêche Piscic. 367 (2002): 691-706. doi:10.1051/kmae:2002082
  • Fetzner Jr J M, Sheehan R J, Seeb Wl. 1997. Genetic implication of broodstock selection for crayfish aquaculture in the Midwestern United States. Aquaculture. 154(1): 39-55. doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(97)00026-4
  • Fetzner Jr J W. 2011. The crayfish and lobster taxonomy browser. Available online via: http://iz.carnegiemnh.org/crayfish/NewAstacidea/ infraorder.asp?io=Astacidea
  • Fevolden S E, Taugbøl T, SkurdaL J. 1994. Allozymic variation among populations of noble crayfish, Astacus astacus L., in southern Norway: implications for management. Aquacult Fish Manage. 25(9): 927-935. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.1994.tb01354.x
  • Furse J M, Bone J W P, Appleton S D, Leland J C, Coughran J. 2012. Conservation of Imperiled Crayfish–Euastacus bindal (Decapoda: Parastacidae), a Highland Crayfish from Far North Queensland, Australia. J Crustacean BioL. 32(4):677–683. doi:10.1163/193724012X633405
  • Geldiay R, Kocataş A. 1970. Türkiye Astacus (Decapoda) Populasyonlarının Dağılış ve Taksonomik Tespiti, Ege Üni. Fen Fak. Gen. Zool. Kürsüsü, İlmi Raporlar serisi, No:94, Biologie 63, İzmir, 11p.[in Turkish].
  • Gouin N, Souty-Grosset C, Ropiquet A, Grandjean F. 2002. High dispersal ability of Austropotamobius pallipes revealed by microsatellite markers in French brook. Bulletin Fraçais de le Peche et de la Pisciculture. 367(2002):681-689. doi:10.1051/kmae:2002059
  • Gouin N, Grandjean F, Souty-Grosset C. 2006. Population genetic structure of the endangered crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes in France based on microsatellite variation: biogeographical inferences and conservation implications. Freshwater Biol. 51(7):1369-1387. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01570.x
  • Gross R, Palm S, Kõiv K, Prestegaard T, Jussila J, Paaver T, Geist J, Kokko H, Karjalainen A, Edsman L. 2013. Microsatellite markers reveal clear geographic structuring among threatened noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) populations in Northern and Central Europe, Conserv Genet. 14 (4):809-821. doi: 10.1007/s10592-013-0476-9
  • Haig S. 1998. Molecular contributions to conservation. Ecology. 79 (2): 413-425. Harlıoğlu M. M 2004. The present situation of freshwater crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus (Eschscholtz, 1823) in Turkey. Aquaculture. 230 (1-4):181–187
  • Harlıoğlu M M, Harlıoğlu A G 2006. Threat of non-native crayfish species introductionsm into Turkey: global lessons. Rev Fish Biol Fish 16(2):171–181.
  • Harlıoğlu M M, Güner U.2007. Studies on the recently discovered crayfish, Austropotamobius torrentium (Shrank, 1803), in Turkey: morphological analysis and meat yield. Aquaculture Res. 37(5): 538- 542. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2006.01451.x
  • Helfrich LA, DiStefano RJ. 2009. Sustaining America’s Aquatic Biodiversity Crayfish Biodiversity and Conservation. Virginia Tech. 420-524.
  • Helms B, Vaught RC, Suciu SK, Santos SR. 2015. Cryptic diversity within two endemic crayfish species of the Southeastern US revealed by molecular genetics and geometric morphometrics. Hydrobiologia. 755(1): 283-298. doi:10.1007/s10750-015-2311-4
  • Koizumi I, Usio N, Kawai T, Azuma N, Masuda R. 2012. Loss of genetic diversity means loss of geological information: The endangered Japanese crayfish exhibits remarkable historical footprints. Plos One. 7(3): e33986. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033986
  • McKniff J. 2012. Investigation of the population genetics of crayfish (Orconectes virilis) using AFLP markers, Degree of Bachelor of Science. p: 1-39.
  • Li Y, Guo X, Deng W, Luo W, Wang W. 2012. Population genetic structure and post-establishment dispersal patterns of the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii in China. Plos One. 7(7):e40652 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040652
  • Liu G, Zhou L, Li X, Lu D. 2013. Population genetic structure of the invasive red swamp crayfish in China revealed by ITS1 variations. Biochem Genet. 51(11-12): 841-852. doi:10.1007/s10528-013-9611-z
  • Largiader C R, Herger F, Lörtscher M, Scholl A. 2000. Assessment of natural and artificial propagation of the white-clawed crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes species complex) in the Alpine region with nuclear and mitochondrial markers. Molecular Ecology. 9 (1):25-37. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.00830.x
  • Matallanas B, Callejas C, Ochando M D. 2012. A genetic approach to Spanish population of the threatened Austropotamobius italicus located at three different scenarios, The Scientific World Journal. 2012 Article ID 975930. doi:10.1100/2012/975930
  • May RM. 2010. Ecological science and tomorrow's world. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 365:(1537): 41–47. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0164
  • Moritz C. 1994. Defining evolutionarily significant units for the conservation. Trends Ecol Evol. 9(10):373-375. doi:10.1016/0169-5347(94)90057-4
  • Owen CL, Bracken-Grissom H, Stern D, Crandall KA. 2015 A synthetic phylogeny of freshwater crayfish: insights for conservation. Philosophical Transactions Royal Society B. 370(1662): 20140009. doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0009
  • Ricciardi A, Rasmussen JB. 1999. Extinction rates in North American freshwater fauna. Conserv Biol. 13(5): 1220–1222. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98380.x
  • Riffel M, Schreiber A. 1995. Coarse-grained population structure in Central European sculpin (Cottus gobio L.): secondary contact or ongoing genetic drift? J Zool Syst Evol Res. 33(3-4):173-184. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1995.tb00970.x
  • Schrimpf A, Schulz HK, Theissinger K, Parvulescu L, Schulz R. 2011. The first large-scale genetic analysis of the vulnerable noble crayfish Astacus astacus reveals low haplotype diversity in central European populations. Knowl Manag Aquat Ec. 401:35 doi:10.1051/kmae/2011065
  • Schrimpf A, Theissinger K, Dahlem Jr, Maguire I, Pârvulescu L, Schulz H K, Schulz R. 2014. Phylogeography of noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) reveals multiple refugia. Freshwater Biol. 59(4):761-776. doi:10.1111/fwb.12302
  • Schulz HK, Smietana P, Schulz R. 2004. Assessment of DNA variations of the noble crayfish (Astacus astacus l.) in Germany and Poland using inter-simple sequence repeats (ıssrs) Bull Fr Peche Piscic. 372-373(2004):387-399. doi:10.1051/kmae:2004012
  • Schulz R. 2000. Status of the noble crayfish Astacus astacus (L.) in Germany: monitoring protocol and the use of RAPD markers to assess the genetic structure of populations. Bull. Fr. Pêche Piscic. 356(2000): 123-138. doi:10.1051/kmae:2000007
  • Selkoe KA, Toone RT. 2006. Microsatellites for ecologists: a practical guide tousing and evaluating. Ecol Lett. 9 (5): 615-629. doi:10.1111/j.14610248.2006.00889.x
  • Vorburger C, Rhyner N, Hartikainen H, Jokela J. 2014. A set of new and cross-amplifying microsatellite loci for conservation genetics of the endangered stone crayfish (Austropotamobius torrentium). Conservation Genet Resour. 6(3):629–63. doi: 10.1007/s12686-014-0157-0
  • Wilson AC, Cann RL, Carr MG, Gyllensten UB, Helm-Bychowski M, Higushi R G, Palumbi SR, Prager EM, Sage RD, Stoneking M, 1985. Mitochondrial DNA and two perspectives on evolutionary genetics. Biol J Linn Soc. 26(4): 375-400. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1985.tb02048.x
  • Yue GH, Wang G L, Zhu B Q, Wang C M, Zhu Z Y, Lo L C. 2008. Discovery of four natural clones in a crayfish species Procambarus clarkii. Int J Biol Sci. 4(5): 279-282
  • Yue GH, Li J, Bai Z, Wang CM, Feng F. 2010. Genetic diversity and population structure of the invasive alien red swamp crayfish. Biol Invasions. 12(8): 2697-2706. doi: 10.1007/s10530-009-9675-1
  • Zhang YJ, Rao GY. 2005. Genetic diversity of an amphicarpic species, Amphicarpaea edgeworthii Benth. (Leguminosae) based on RAPD markers. Biochem Syst Ecol. 33(12): 1246-1257. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2005.07.009
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Review
Authors

Zübeyde Hanol Bektaş 0000-0003-1050-9620

Publication Date April 27, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 4 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Hanol Bektaş, Z. (2018). Importance of Determining Genetic Code In Crayfish and Methods Used. Journal of Limnology and Freshwater Fisheries Research, 4(1), 58-66. https://doi.org/10.17216/limnofish.335941