Öz
This study was undertaken with the aim of determining the effects of domestic waste and hydroelectric dams on water quality in the Tortum Stream and its tributaries. Water samples were taken monthly from nine sampling points of Tortum Stream and its tributaries between July 2012 and May 2013. Analyzed for temperature (°C), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), total suspended solids (TSS), alkalinity, Ca, total hardness, sulfate (SO4), ammonia-nitrogen (N-NH3−), nitrite-nitrogen (N-NO2−) and nitrate nitrogen (N-NO3−) as well as total phosphorus (TP), total orthophosphate (TO), total iron and silica (SiO2) were carried out. Physical and chemical characteristics of Tortum Stream and its tributaries which were examined according to the Water Framework Directive and the Water Pollution Control Regulations. It can be said that the stream has a low water quality standard except for water temperature, dissolved oxygen and sulfate. The results showed that Tortum Stream and tributaries are under threat because of domestic waste, fertilizers and hydroelectric constructions.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Ammonia-Nitrogen; Total Phosphorus; Total Iron; Silica; Tortum Stream
Kaynakça
- Aboud SJ, Nandini N. 2009. Heavy metal analysis and sediment quality value in urban lakes. Am J Env Sci. 5(6):678-687.
- Allan JD. 1995. Stream ecology: structure and function of running waters. London: Cluwer Academic Publishers 388 p.
- [Anonymous]. 2012. Yüzeysel su kalitesi yönetimi yönetmeliği. Resmi Gazete Sayı: 28483. [in Turkish].
- APHA. 1995. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 19th ed. Washington: American Public Health Association.
- Atalay İ, Tetik M, Yılmaz Ö. 1985. Kuzey Doğu Anadolu’nun ekosistemleri. Ormancılık Araş. Enst. Yay. Teknik Bült. Serisi, No:141. [in Turkish]
- Brehm J, Meijering M. 1991. Fliessgewässerkunde. Heidelberg: Quelle & Meyer Verlag 300 p.
- Bricker OP, Jones BF. 1995. Main factors affecting the composition of natural waters. In: Salbu B, Steinnes E, editors. Trace elements in natural waters. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 1-5.
- Bunea F, Bucur DM, Dumitran GE, Ciocan GD. 2012. Water quality in hydroelectric sites. Ecological Water Quality - Water Treatment and Reuse. Edited by Dr. Voudouris; [cited 2015 Jan 20]. Available from http://www.intechopen.com/books/ecological-water-quality-water-treatment-and-reuse/water-quality-in-hydroelectric-sites doi: 10.5772/32078
- Calow P, Petts GE. 1994. The rivers handbook: hydrological and ecological principles. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd 523 p. doi: 10.1002/9781444313871
- Gutierrez RL, Rubio-Arias H, Quintana R, Ortega JA, Gutierrez M. 2008. Heavy metals in water of the San Pedro River in Chihuahua, Mexico and its potential health risk. Int J Env Res Publ Health. 5(2):91-7827.
- Horne AJ, Goldman CR. 1994. Limnology. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill 57 p.
- Jonnalagadda SB, Mhere G. 2001. Water quality of the Odzi River in the Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe. Water Res. 35(10):2371-2376.
- Kelley KD, Hudson T. 2007. Natural versus anthropogenic dispersion of metal to the environment in the Wulik River area western Brooks Range, northern Alaska. Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis. 7(1):87-96.
- Kesici T, Kocabaş Z. 2007. Biyoistatistik. Ankara: Ankara University. [in Turkish]
- Kıvrak E, Gürbüz H. 2010. Epipelic diatoms of Tortum Streams (Erzurum) and their relationship to some physicochemical features. Ekoloji. 19(74):102-109. doi: 10.5053/ekoloji.2010.7413 [in Turkish]
- Kumar RN, Solanki R, Kumar NJI. 2013. Seasonal variation in heavy metal contamination in water and sediments of river Sabarmati and Kharicut canal at Ahmedabad, Gujarat. Environ Monit Assess. 185(1):359-368. doi: 10.1007/s10661-012-2558-4
- Newbold JD. 1992. Cycles and spirals of nutrients. In: Calow P, Petts GE editors. The Rivers Handbook: Hidrological and Ecological Principles. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd. p. 379-408.
- Peavy HS, Rowe DR, Tchobanoglous G. 1985. Environmental engineering. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company 699 p.
- Su Y, Yang R. 2008. Background concentrations of elements in surface soils and their changes as affected by agricultural use in the desert-oasis ecotone in the middle of Heihe River Basin, Northern West China. J Geophysical Explor. 98(3):57-64. doi: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2007.12.001
- Vega M, Pardo R, Barrado E, Deban L. 1998. Assessment of seasonal and polluting effects on the quality of river water by exploratory data analysis. Water Res. 32(12):3581-3592. doi: 10.1016/S0043-1354(98)00138-9
- Walling DE, Webb BW. 1986. Solutes in river systems. In: ST Trudgill editor, Solute processes. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. p. 251-327.
- Wetzel RG, Likens GE. 2001. Limnological analyses. 2nd ed. New York: Springer Verlag 391 p.
- Wetzel RG. 2001. Limnology: Lake and river ecosystems. 3rd ed. San Diego: Academic Press 1006 p.
- WHO 2004. Guidelines for drinking water quality, 3rd ed. World Health Organization. p 516.
Öz
Bu çalışma, Tortum Çayı ve Kollarına evsel atıkların ve hidroelektrik santral inşaatının su kalitesine etkisini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Tortum Çayı ve Kollarında belirlenen 9 istasyonda Haziran 2012- Mayıs 2013 tarihleri arasında aylık su örnekleri alınmıştır. Bu örneklerde toplam fosfor, ortafosfat, toplam demir ve silikat değerlerine ek olarak sıcaklık, pH, çözünmüş oksijen, Ca-sertliği, toplam sertlik, alkalinite, askıda katı madde, sülfat, amonyak-azotu, nitrit-azotu, nitrat-azotu değerleri analiz edilmiştir. Tortum Çayı ve kollarının fiziksel ve kimyasal özellikleri, Su Çerçeve Direktifi ve Su Kirliliği Yönetmeliği Kıta İçi Su Kalite Standartlarına göre incelendiğinde su sıcaklığı, çözünmüş oksijen ve sülfat değerleri hariç düşük kaliteli su standartlarında olduğu söylenebilir. Sonuç olarak Tortum Çayı ve Kollarından gelen evsel atık, hayvansal orjinli gübre ve hidroelektrik santrallerinin inşaat atıkları sebebiyle kirlilik tehdidi altındadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Amonyak-azotu; Toplam Fosfor; Toplam Demir; Silikat; Tortum Çayı
Kaynakça
- Aboud SJ, Nandini N. 2009. Heavy metal analysis and sediment quality value in urban lakes. Am J Env Sci. 5(6):678-687.
- Allan JD. 1995. Stream ecology: structure and function of running waters. London: Cluwer Academic Publishers 388 p.
- [Anonymous]. 2012. Yüzeysel su kalitesi yönetimi yönetmeliği. Resmi Gazete Sayı: 28483. [in Turkish].
- APHA. 1995. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 19th ed. Washington: American Public Health Association.
- Atalay İ, Tetik M, Yılmaz Ö. 1985. Kuzey Doğu Anadolu’nun ekosistemleri. Ormancılık Araş. Enst. Yay. Teknik Bült. Serisi, No:141. [in Turkish]
- Brehm J, Meijering M. 1991. Fliessgewässerkunde. Heidelberg: Quelle & Meyer Verlag 300 p.
- Bricker OP, Jones BF. 1995. Main factors affecting the composition of natural waters. In: Salbu B, Steinnes E, editors. Trace elements in natural waters. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 1-5.
- Bunea F, Bucur DM, Dumitran GE, Ciocan GD. 2012. Water quality in hydroelectric sites. Ecological Water Quality - Water Treatment and Reuse. Edited by Dr. Voudouris; [cited 2015 Jan 20]. Available from http://www.intechopen.com/books/ecological-water-quality-water-treatment-and-reuse/water-quality-in-hydroelectric-sites doi: 10.5772/32078
- Calow P, Petts GE. 1994. The rivers handbook: hydrological and ecological principles. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd 523 p. doi: 10.1002/9781444313871
- Gutierrez RL, Rubio-Arias H, Quintana R, Ortega JA, Gutierrez M. 2008. Heavy metals in water of the San Pedro River in Chihuahua, Mexico and its potential health risk. Int J Env Res Publ Health. 5(2):91-7827.
- Horne AJ, Goldman CR. 1994. Limnology. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill 57 p.
- Jonnalagadda SB, Mhere G. 2001. Water quality of the Odzi River in the Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe. Water Res. 35(10):2371-2376.
- Kelley KD, Hudson T. 2007. Natural versus anthropogenic dispersion of metal to the environment in the Wulik River area western Brooks Range, northern Alaska. Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis. 7(1):87-96.
- Kesici T, Kocabaş Z. 2007. Biyoistatistik. Ankara: Ankara University. [in Turkish]
- Kıvrak E, Gürbüz H. 2010. Epipelic diatoms of Tortum Streams (Erzurum) and their relationship to some physicochemical features. Ekoloji. 19(74):102-109. doi: 10.5053/ekoloji.2010.7413 [in Turkish]
- Kumar RN, Solanki R, Kumar NJI. 2013. Seasonal variation in heavy metal contamination in water and sediments of river Sabarmati and Kharicut canal at Ahmedabad, Gujarat. Environ Monit Assess. 185(1):359-368. doi: 10.1007/s10661-012-2558-4
- Newbold JD. 1992. Cycles and spirals of nutrients. In: Calow P, Petts GE editors. The Rivers Handbook: Hidrological and Ecological Principles. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd. p. 379-408.
- Peavy HS, Rowe DR, Tchobanoglous G. 1985. Environmental engineering. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company 699 p.
- Su Y, Yang R. 2008. Background concentrations of elements in surface soils and their changes as affected by agricultural use in the desert-oasis ecotone in the middle of Heihe River Basin, Northern West China. J Geophysical Explor. 98(3):57-64. doi: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2007.12.001
- Vega M, Pardo R, Barrado E, Deban L. 1998. Assessment of seasonal and polluting effects on the quality of river water by exploratory data analysis. Water Res. 32(12):3581-3592. doi: 10.1016/S0043-1354(98)00138-9
- Walling DE, Webb BW. 1986. Solutes in river systems. In: ST Trudgill editor, Solute processes. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. p. 251-327.
- Wetzel RG, Likens GE. 2001. Limnological analyses. 2nd ed. New York: Springer Verlag 391 p.
- Wetzel RG. 2001. Limnology: Lake and river ecosystems. 3rd ed. San Diego: Academic Press 1006 p.
- WHO 2004. Guidelines for drinking water quality, 3rd ed. World Health Organization. p 516.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 20 Nisan 2015 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2015Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1 |