ARITMA ÇAMURLARININ TARIMSAL AMAÇLI KULLANIMI:TOPRAKTAKİ AZOT PROSESLERİNDE MEYDANA GELEN DEĞİŞİMLER
Öz
Atıksu arıtma tesislerinin işletilmesi sırasında bir yan ürün olarak
açığa çıkan arıtma çamurlarının uygun arıtma proseslerinden geçirilerek insan
sağlığı ve çevreye herhangi bir olumsuz etkisi olmaksızın bertaraf edilmeleri
gerekmektedir. Uygun özelliğe sahip arıtma çamurlarının tarımsal amaçlı
kullanılması tarımsal üretimde verimliliği arttıran bir bertaraf yöntemidir. Bu
çalışmada süt endüstrisi atıksu arıtma tesisinden temin edilen ve yaklaşık %6
oranında katı madde içeren çürütülmüş çamur örneğinin topraktaki azot
prosesleri açısından tarımsal amaçlı kullanım potansiyelinin tespit edilmesi
amaçlanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda 50 ton/ha, 100 ton/ha ve 200 ton/ha dozlarında
çürütülmüş çamur uygulanan toprak örnekleri 45 gün boyunca 28°C’de karanlıkta
inkübe edilmiştir. Belirli periyotlarla alınan toprak örneklerinde toplam azot,
amonyum azotu, nitrat azotu konsantrasyonları ile birlikte toprak kalitesini
belirlemede yaygın olarak kullanılan üreaz aktivitesi, arginin amonifikasyon
hızı ve nitrifikasyon potansiyeli değerleri takip edilmiştir. Elde edilen
veriler çürütülmüş çamur dozunun artması ile birlikte toprak örneklerinin
toplam azot, amonyum azotu ve nitrat azotu konsantrasyonlarının arttığını
göstermiştir. Ayrıca üreaz aktivitesi, arginin amonifikasyon hızı ve
nitrifikasyon potansiyeli değerlerinin benzer bir eğilimde olduğu
belirlenmiştir. Farklı dozlarda
çürütülmüş çamur uygulanan toprak örneklerinde amonifikasyon prosesinin
nitrifikasyon prosesine göre daha baskın olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Süt ürünleri
endüstrisinden temin edilen ve yaklaşık %6 oranında katı madde içeren
çürütülmüş çamurun Mekanik Ayırma, Biyokurutma ve Biyometanizasyon Tesisleri
ile Fermente Ürün Yönetimi Tebliği’ndeki diğer şartları yerine getirmek kaydı
ile azot prosesleri bakımından tarımsal verimliliği arttırmak için kullanılan
azotlu gübrelere alternatif olarak değerlendirilebileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Arıtma Çamuru Toprak Nitrifikasyon Amonifikasyon Üreaz Aktivitesi
Kaynakça
- 1. Abdelal, A.T. (1979) Arginine catabolism by microorganisms, Annual Review of Microbiology, 33, 139-168.
- 2. Abd Elsalam, H.E., Saleh, D.I., El Sharnouby, M.E., Mahmoud, S.F. ve Yasser, E.H. (2016) Soil enzymes activities as bio-indicators for soil contamination by heavy metals from sewage sludge application, Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 7(5), 3005.
- 3. Alef, K. ve Kleiner, D. (1986) Arginine ammonification, a simple method to estimate microbial activity potentials in soil, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 18, 233-235.
- 4. American Public Health Association (1998) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, Washington, DC, USA: APHA-AWWA-WPCF.
- 5. Arcak, S., Türkmen, C., Karaca, A. ve Erdoğan, E. (2000) A study on potential agricultural use of sewage sludge of Ankara Waste Water Treatment Plant, International Symposium on Desertification (ISD), Konya, 345-349.
- 6. Aydın, S. (2004) Atıksu arıtma tesisi çamurlarının değişik amaçlarla kullanımının araştırılması, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
- 7. Banerjee, A.K. ve Dick, R.P. (1999) Field management effects on soil enzyme activities, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 31, 1471-1479.
- 8. Benton Jones, J. J. (1984) A laboratory guide of exercises in conducting soil tests and plant analyses, Benton Laboratories, Georgia, USA.
- 9. Bilgin, N., Eyüpoğlu, H. ve Üstün, H. (2002) Biyokatıların arazide kullanımı, Köy Hizmetleri Ankara Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
- 10. Bonde, T.A, Nielsen, T.H. ve Sorenson, J. (2001) Arginine ammonification assay as a rapid index of gross N mineralization in agricultural soils, Biology and Fertility of Soils, 34, 179-184.
- 11. Bremner, J.M. ve Mulvaney, C.S. (1982) Nitrogen-total, In: Page, A.L., Miller, R.H. (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2, Agronomy Monograph, ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI, 595-624.
- 12. Caldwell, B. (2005) Enzyme activities as a component of soil biodiversity: a review, Pedobiologia, 49, 637-644.
- 13. Cataldo, D.A., Haroon, M., Schrader, L.E. ve Young, V.L. (1975) Rapid colorimetric determination of nitrate in plant tissue by nitration of salicylic acid, Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 71-80.
- 14. Dindar, E., Topaç Şağban, F.O. ve Başkaya, H.S. (2010) Stabilize arıtma çamurlarının topraktaki azot ve üreaz aktivitesine etkileri, İTÜ dergisi, 20(1), 29-38.
- 15. Dindar, E., Topaç Şağban, F.O. ve Başkaya, H.S. (2015) Evaluation of soil enzyme activities as soil quality indicators in sludge-amended soils, Journal of Environmental Biology, 36(4), 19-26.
- 16. Gezgin, S. (2018) Türkiye topraklarının organik madde durumu, organik madde kaynaklarımız ve kullanımı, Organomineral Gübre Çalıştayı, İstanbul, 12-16.
- 17. Göçmez, S. (2006) Menemen ovası topraklarında İZSU kentsel arıtma çamuru uygulamalarının mikrobiyal aktivite ve biyomas ile bazı fiziksel ve kimyasal toprak özellikleri üzerine etkisi, Doktora Tezi, Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İzmir.
- 18. Hart, S.C., Stark, J.M., Davidson, E.A., Firestone, M.K. (1994) Nitrogen mineralisation, immobilization, and nitrification, In: Page, R.W. Weaver, J.S. Angle, B.S. Bottomley (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2: Microbiological and Biochemical Properties, ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI, 985-1018.
- 19. Kakhki, F.V., Haghnia, G. ve Lakzian, A. (2008) Effect of enriched sewage sludge on soil urease activity, Soil & Environment, 27(2), 143-147.
- 20. Keeney, D.R. ve Nelson, D.W. (1982) Nitrogen inorganic forms, In: Page, A.L. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2, Agronomy Monograph, ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI, 643-698.
- 21. Korbulewsky, N., Dupouyet, S. ve Bonin, G. (2002) Environmental risk of applying sewage sludge compost vineyards; carbon, heavy metal nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation, Journal of Environmental Quality, 31, 1522-1527.
- 22. Kumarı, S., Sınha, R.P. (2011) Symbiotic and asymbiotic N2 fixation, Advances in Life Sciences, 133-148.
- 23. McLean, E.O. (1982) Soil pH and lime requirement, In: Page, A.L., Miller, R.H., Keeney, D.R. (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2: Chemical and Microbiological Properties, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, 199-224.
- 24. Menelik, G., Reneau, R.B., Martens, Jr.D.C. ve Simpson, T.W. (1991) Yield and elemental composition of wheat grain as influenced by source and rate of nitrogen, Journal Of Plant Nutrition, 14(2), 205-217.
- 25. Navas, A., Bermudez, F. ve Machin, J. (1998) Influence of sewage sludge application on physical and chemical properties of gypsisols, Geoderma, 87, 123-135.
- 26. Odegaard, H. ve Rusten, B. (1980) Nitrojen removal in rotating biyological contactors without the use of externel carbon source, First National Symposium, Workshop on Tecnology Champion, Pennsylvania.
- 27. Pascual, J.A., Hernandez, T., Garcıa, C. ve Ayuso, M. (1998) Enzymatic activities in an arid soil amended with urban organic wastes: Laboratory experiment, Bioresource Technology, 64, 131-138.
- 28. Rhoades, J.D. (1982) Cation exchange capacity, In: Page A.L., Miller, R.H., Keeney, D.R. (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2: Chemical and Microbiological Properties, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, 149-158.
- 29. Samaras, P., Papadimitriou, C.A., Haritou, I., ve Zouboulis, A.I. (2008) Investigation of sewage sludge stabilization potential by the addition of fly ash and lime, Journal of Hazardous Material, 154, 1052-1059.
- 30. Sastre, I., Vicente, M.A. ve Lobo, M.C. (1996) Influence of the application of sewage sludges on soil microbial activity, Bioresource Technology, 57, 19-23.
- 31. Skujins, J. (1976) Extracellular enzymes in soil, Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 4, 383-421.
- 32. Speir, T.W. ve Ross, D.J. (1975) Effects of storage on the activities of protease, urease, phosphatase, and sulphatase in three soils under pasture, New Zealand Journal of Soil Science, 18, 231-237.
- 33. Stevenson, F.J. (1986) Cycles of soil-carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, micronutrients, Wiley Inter Science Publication, New York.
- 34. Swaponel, C.M. (2004) Nitrogen dynamics in sewage sludge and commercial fertilizer enriched soils, Faculty of Biological and Agricultural Science University of Pretoria.
- 35. Tabatabai, M.A. (1994) Soil enzymes, Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2: Chemical and Microbiological Properties, Agronomy Monograph, ASA and SSSA, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, 903-943.
- 36. Taşatar, B. (1997) Endüstriyel nitelikli arıtma çamurlarının bazı toprak özellikleri üzerine etkileri, Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
- 37. Thompson, T. (1996) Agricultural Fertilizers as a Source of Pollution, In:Page Pepper, I.L., Gerba, C.P. ve Brusseau, M.L., Pollution Science, Academic Press, San Dieago, CA, 211-223.
- 38. Utsching, J.M., Barbarick, K.A., Westfall, D.G., Follett, R.H. ve McBride, T.M. (1986) Evaluating crop response liquid sludge vs. nitrogen-fertilizer, Biocyle, 27(7), 30-33.
- 39. Vigil, M.F. ve Kissel, D.E. (1991) Equations for estimating the amount of nitrogen mineralized from crop residues, Soil Science Society of America Journal, 55, 757-761.
- 40. Vissman, W. (1985) Water supply and pollution control, University of Florida, 692-709.
- 41. Watson, S.W., Valois, F.W. ve Waterbury, J.B. (1981) The family nitrobacteraceae, The Prokaryotes, Starr, M.P. ve diğ., New York city, Springer-Verlag.
- 42. Winding, A., Hund-Rinke, K. ve Rutgers, M. (2005) The use of microorganisms in ecological soil classification and assessment concept, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 62, 230-248.
Öz
Sewage sludge which is produced as a byproduct during the operation of
wastewater treatment plants must be properly treated and disposed of in order
to eliminate any negative effects on
human health and environment. Use of sludges with suitable characteristics for
agricultural purposes is a method of disposal that increases productivity in
agricultural production. In this study, it is aimed to determine the potential
of agricultural use of digested sludge samples containing approximately 6%
solids obtained from the wastewater treatment plant of a dairy industry in
terms of nitrogen processes in the soil. In this direction, soil samples were applied
with digested sludge at doses of 50 ton/ha, 100 ton/ha and 200 ton/ha and then
the mixtures were incubated in the dark at 28 °C for 45 days. Total nitrogen,
ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen concentrations together with urease
activity, arginine amonification rate and nitrification potential values which
are commonly used in determination of soil quality were determined in soil
samples taken at certain periods of incubation period. The obtained data
apparently showed that the total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen and nitrate
nitrogen concentrations of the soil samples increased with the increment of application
dose of digested sludge. It was also determined that the urease activity,
arginine amonification rate and nitrification potential values have a similar
tendency of increment. It was reported that the ammonification process is more
dominant than the nitrification process in soil samples treated with different
doses of digested sludge. The overall results indicated that the digested
sludge containing approximately 6% solids obtained from dairy products industry
can be considered as an alternative to the nitrogen fertilizers which increases
the agricultural productivity in terms
of nitrogen processes, provided that they meet other requirements in the
Mechanical Separation, Biofuels and Biomethanization Plants and the Fermented
Product Management Communique.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Ammonification Nitrification Sewage Sludge Soil Urease Activity
Kaynakça
- 1. Abdelal, A.T. (1979) Arginine catabolism by microorganisms, Annual Review of Microbiology, 33, 139-168.
- 2. Abd Elsalam, H.E., Saleh, D.I., El Sharnouby, M.E., Mahmoud, S.F. ve Yasser, E.H. (2016) Soil enzymes activities as bio-indicators for soil contamination by heavy metals from sewage sludge application, Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 7(5), 3005.
- 3. Alef, K. ve Kleiner, D. (1986) Arginine ammonification, a simple method to estimate microbial activity potentials in soil, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 18, 233-235.
- 4. American Public Health Association (1998) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, Washington, DC, USA: APHA-AWWA-WPCF.
- 5. Arcak, S., Türkmen, C., Karaca, A. ve Erdoğan, E. (2000) A study on potential agricultural use of sewage sludge of Ankara Waste Water Treatment Plant, International Symposium on Desertification (ISD), Konya, 345-349.
- 6. Aydın, S. (2004) Atıksu arıtma tesisi çamurlarının değişik amaçlarla kullanımının araştırılması, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
- 7. Banerjee, A.K. ve Dick, R.P. (1999) Field management effects on soil enzyme activities, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 31, 1471-1479.
- 8. Benton Jones, J. J. (1984) A laboratory guide of exercises in conducting soil tests and plant analyses, Benton Laboratories, Georgia, USA.
- 9. Bilgin, N., Eyüpoğlu, H. ve Üstün, H. (2002) Biyokatıların arazide kullanımı, Köy Hizmetleri Ankara Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
- 10. Bonde, T.A, Nielsen, T.H. ve Sorenson, J. (2001) Arginine ammonification assay as a rapid index of gross N mineralization in agricultural soils, Biology and Fertility of Soils, 34, 179-184.
- 11. Bremner, J.M. ve Mulvaney, C.S. (1982) Nitrogen-total, In: Page, A.L., Miller, R.H. (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2, Agronomy Monograph, ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI, 595-624.
- 12. Caldwell, B. (2005) Enzyme activities as a component of soil biodiversity: a review, Pedobiologia, 49, 637-644.
- 13. Cataldo, D.A., Haroon, M., Schrader, L.E. ve Young, V.L. (1975) Rapid colorimetric determination of nitrate in plant tissue by nitration of salicylic acid, Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 71-80.
- 14. Dindar, E., Topaç Şağban, F.O. ve Başkaya, H.S. (2010) Stabilize arıtma çamurlarının topraktaki azot ve üreaz aktivitesine etkileri, İTÜ dergisi, 20(1), 29-38.
- 15. Dindar, E., Topaç Şağban, F.O. ve Başkaya, H.S. (2015) Evaluation of soil enzyme activities as soil quality indicators in sludge-amended soils, Journal of Environmental Biology, 36(4), 19-26.
- 16. Gezgin, S. (2018) Türkiye topraklarının organik madde durumu, organik madde kaynaklarımız ve kullanımı, Organomineral Gübre Çalıştayı, İstanbul, 12-16.
- 17. Göçmez, S. (2006) Menemen ovası topraklarında İZSU kentsel arıtma çamuru uygulamalarının mikrobiyal aktivite ve biyomas ile bazı fiziksel ve kimyasal toprak özellikleri üzerine etkisi, Doktora Tezi, Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İzmir.
- 18. Hart, S.C., Stark, J.M., Davidson, E.A., Firestone, M.K. (1994) Nitrogen mineralisation, immobilization, and nitrification, In: Page, R.W. Weaver, J.S. Angle, B.S. Bottomley (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2: Microbiological and Biochemical Properties, ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI, 985-1018.
- 19. Kakhki, F.V., Haghnia, G. ve Lakzian, A. (2008) Effect of enriched sewage sludge on soil urease activity, Soil & Environment, 27(2), 143-147.
- 20. Keeney, D.R. ve Nelson, D.W. (1982) Nitrogen inorganic forms, In: Page, A.L. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2, Agronomy Monograph, ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI, 643-698.
- 21. Korbulewsky, N., Dupouyet, S. ve Bonin, G. (2002) Environmental risk of applying sewage sludge compost vineyards; carbon, heavy metal nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation, Journal of Environmental Quality, 31, 1522-1527.
- 22. Kumarı, S., Sınha, R.P. (2011) Symbiotic and asymbiotic N2 fixation, Advances in Life Sciences, 133-148.
- 23. McLean, E.O. (1982) Soil pH and lime requirement, In: Page, A.L., Miller, R.H., Keeney, D.R. (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2: Chemical and Microbiological Properties, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, 199-224.
- 24. Menelik, G., Reneau, R.B., Martens, Jr.D.C. ve Simpson, T.W. (1991) Yield and elemental composition of wheat grain as influenced by source and rate of nitrogen, Journal Of Plant Nutrition, 14(2), 205-217.
- 25. Navas, A., Bermudez, F. ve Machin, J. (1998) Influence of sewage sludge application on physical and chemical properties of gypsisols, Geoderma, 87, 123-135.
- 26. Odegaard, H. ve Rusten, B. (1980) Nitrojen removal in rotating biyological contactors without the use of externel carbon source, First National Symposium, Workshop on Tecnology Champion, Pennsylvania.
- 27. Pascual, J.A., Hernandez, T., Garcıa, C. ve Ayuso, M. (1998) Enzymatic activities in an arid soil amended with urban organic wastes: Laboratory experiment, Bioresource Technology, 64, 131-138.
- 28. Rhoades, J.D. (1982) Cation exchange capacity, In: Page A.L., Miller, R.H., Keeney, D.R. (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2: Chemical and Microbiological Properties, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, 149-158.
- 29. Samaras, P., Papadimitriou, C.A., Haritou, I., ve Zouboulis, A.I. (2008) Investigation of sewage sludge stabilization potential by the addition of fly ash and lime, Journal of Hazardous Material, 154, 1052-1059.
- 30. Sastre, I., Vicente, M.A. ve Lobo, M.C. (1996) Influence of the application of sewage sludges on soil microbial activity, Bioresource Technology, 57, 19-23.
- 31. Skujins, J. (1976) Extracellular enzymes in soil, Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 4, 383-421.
- 32. Speir, T.W. ve Ross, D.J. (1975) Effects of storage on the activities of protease, urease, phosphatase, and sulphatase in three soils under pasture, New Zealand Journal of Soil Science, 18, 231-237.
- 33. Stevenson, F.J. (1986) Cycles of soil-carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, micronutrients, Wiley Inter Science Publication, New York.
- 34. Swaponel, C.M. (2004) Nitrogen dynamics in sewage sludge and commercial fertilizer enriched soils, Faculty of Biological and Agricultural Science University of Pretoria.
- 35. Tabatabai, M.A. (1994) Soil enzymes, Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2: Chemical and Microbiological Properties, Agronomy Monograph, ASA and SSSA, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, 903-943.
- 36. Taşatar, B. (1997) Endüstriyel nitelikli arıtma çamurlarının bazı toprak özellikleri üzerine etkileri, Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
- 37. Thompson, T. (1996) Agricultural Fertilizers as a Source of Pollution, In:Page Pepper, I.L., Gerba, C.P. ve Brusseau, M.L., Pollution Science, Academic Press, San Dieago, CA, 211-223.
- 38. Utsching, J.M., Barbarick, K.A., Westfall, D.G., Follett, R.H. ve McBride, T.M. (1986) Evaluating crop response liquid sludge vs. nitrogen-fertilizer, Biocyle, 27(7), 30-33.
- 39. Vigil, M.F. ve Kissel, D.E. (1991) Equations for estimating the amount of nitrogen mineralized from crop residues, Soil Science Society of America Journal, 55, 757-761.
- 40. Vissman, W. (1985) Water supply and pollution control, University of Florida, 692-709.
- 41. Watson, S.W., Valois, F.W. ve Waterbury, J.B. (1981) The family nitrobacteraceae, The Prokaryotes, Starr, M.P. ve diğ., New York city, Springer-Verlag.
- 42. Winding, A., Hund-Rinke, K. ve Rutgers, M. (2005) The use of microorganisms in ecological soil classification and assessment concept, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 62, 230-248.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Mühendislik |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Ağustos 2019 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 26 Mart 2019 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 31 Mayıs 2019 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2019 Cilt: 24 Sayı: 2 |
Kaynak Göster
DUYURU:
30.03.2021- Nisan 2021 (26/1) sayımızdan itibaren TR-Dizin yeni kuralları gereği, dergimizde basılacak makalelerde, ilk gönderim aşamasında Telif Hakkı Formu yanısıra, Çıkar Çatışması Bildirim Formu ve Yazar Katkısı Bildirim Formu da tüm yazarlarca imzalanarak gönderilmelidir. Yayınlanacak makalelerde de makale metni içinde "Çıkar Çatışması" ve "Yazar Katkısı" bölümleri yer alacaktır. İlk gönderim aşamasında doldurulması gereken yeni formlara "Yazım Kuralları" ve "Makale Gönderim Süreci" sayfalarımızdan ulaşılabilir. (Değerlendirme süreci bu tarihten önce tamamlanıp basımı bekleyen makalelerin yanısıra değerlendirme süreci devam eden makaleler için, yazarlar tarafından ilgili formlar doldurularak sisteme yüklenmelidir). Makale şablonları da, bu değişiklik doğrultusunda güncellenmiştir. Tüm yazarlarımıza önemle duyurulur.
Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi Dekanlığı, Görükle Kampüsü, Nilüfer, 16059 Bursa. Tel: (224) 294 1907, Faks: (224) 294 1903, e-posta: mmfd@uludag.edu.tr