Araştırma Makalesi
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Yıl 2023, Cilt: 41 Sayı: 2, 408 - 414, 30.04.2023

İbrahim Ethem Karadirek

Öz

Kaynakça

  • REFERENCES
  • [1] Lambert AO, Brown TG, Takizawa M, Weimer D. A review of performance indicators for real losses from water supply systems. J Water Serv Res Technol-Aqua 1999;486:227−237. [CrossRef]
  • [2] Alegre H, Hirner W, Baptista JM, Parena R. Performance Indicators for Water Supply Services. 1st ed. London: IWA Publishing; 2000.
  • [3] Tabesh M, Delavar MR. Application of integrated GIS and hydraulic models for unaccounted for water studies in water distribution systems. In: Maksimovic C, Butler D, Memon FA, editors. Proceedings of the CCWI '03 Conference; 2003 Sept 15−17; London: CRC Press; 2003. pp. 1−10. [CrossRef]
  • [4] McKenzie R, Seago C. Assessment of real losses in potable water distribution systems: some recent developments. In: Wilderer P, editor. 4th World Water Congress: Innovation in Water Supply - Reuse and Efficiency; 2005 London: IWA Publishing; 2005. pp. 33−40. [CrossRef]
  • [5] Durmuscelebi FM, Ozdemir O, Firat M. District metered areas for water loss management in distribu-tion systems. Sigma J Eng Nat Sci 2020;38:149−170.
  • [6] Al-Washali T, Sharma S, Kennedy M. Methods of assessment of water losses in water supply systems: A Review. Water Resour Manag 2016;30:4985−5001. [CrossRef]
  • [7] Arregui FJ, Gavara FJ, Soriano J, Pastor-Jabaloyes L. Performance analysis of ageing single-jet water meters for measuring residential water consump-tion. Water 2018;10:612. [CrossRef]
  • [8] Criminisi A, Fontanazza CM, Freni G, La Loggia G. Evaluation of the apparent losses caused by water meter under-registration in intermittent water sup-ply. Water Sci Technol 2009;60:2373−2382. [CrossRef]
  • [9] Van Zyl JE. Introduction to integrated water meter management. Gezina, South Africa: Water Research Commission (WRC).2011.
  • [10] Arregui FJ, Cabrera EJ, Cobacho R. Integrated Water Meter Management. 1st ed. London, UK: IWA Publishing; 2006.
  • [11] Lambert A, Hirner W. Losses from water supply sys-tems: Standard terminology and recommended per-formance measures. IWA's Blue Pages. 2000:1−13.
  • [12] Arregui FJ, Soriano J, Cabrera E, Cobacho R. Nine steps towards a better water meter management. Water Sci Technol 2012;65:1273−1280. [CrossRef]
  • [13] Karadirek IE. An experimental analysis on accuracy of customer water meters under various flow rates and water pressures. J Water Supply Res Technol-Aqua 2020;69:18−27. [CrossRef]
  • [14] International Organization for Standardization. ISO4064-1. Water meters for cold potable water and hot water - Part 1: Metrological and techni-cal requirements. International Organization for Standardization, 2014. Available at: https://www.iso. org/standard/55371.html
  • [15] Fontanazza CM, Notaro V, Puleo V, Freni G. Effects of network pressure on water meter under-registra-tion: An experimental analysis. Drink Water Eng Sci 2013;6:119−149. [CrossRef]
  • [16] Kanakoudis V, Tsitsifli S. Socially fair domestic water pricing: Who is going to pay for the non-revenue water?. Desalin Water Treat 2016;57:11599−11609.[CrossRef]
  • [17] Arregui FJ, Balaguer M, Soriano J, Garcia-Serra J. Quantifying measuring errors of new residential water meters considering different customer con-sumption patterns. Urban Water J 2016;13:463−475.[CrossRef]
  • [18] International Organization for Standardization. ISO4064-2. Water meters for cold potable water and hot water - Part 2: Test Methods. International Organization for Standardization, 2014. Available at: https://www.iso.org/standard/55383.html
  • [19] Mutikanga HE, Sharma SK, Vairavamoorthy K. Investigating water meter performance in develop-ing countries: A case study of Kampala, Uganda. Water 2011;37:567−574. [CrossRef]

How does ageing of customer water meters effect the accuracy?

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 41 Sayı: 2, 408 - 414, 30.04.2023

İbrahim Ethem Karadirek

Öz

Apparent losses and real losses are two main components of water losses in water supply sys-tems (WSSs). Apparent losses are caused by water meter inaccuracies, illegal consumption, and data handling errors whereas real losses are associated with leakage, pipe bursts and over-flow from storage tanks. In well managed WSSs, apparent losses mainly result from inaccura-cies of water meters. Performance of water meters is affected from many factors such as meter type, class, size and age, installation, and water consumption profile. In this study, new and used multi-jet type water meters, which is one of the most widely in-stalled water meter type, were tested under different flow rates in a laboratory setup for per-formance evaluation. Starting flow rates and metering errors of new and used multi-jet water meters under varying flow rates were tested. Average starting flow rate for the new multi-jet (MJ-N) water meters is determined as 7.02 l/h whereas the multi-jet water meters with an age of more than 9 years (MJ-3) old have the highest starting flow rate with an average value of 40.18 l/h. Meter degradation for average starting flow rates shows an almost linear trend. All tested water meters tend to make more measurement errors at lower flow rates. As measure-ment errors for ageing meters (MJ-2 and MJ-3) are similar at medium and high flow rates, age-ing of meters cannot be described by linear degradation. This study showed that ageing and water consumption profiles have a great impact on water meter performance. An evaluation on ageing effects on the accuracy of water meters is provided in this study.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Apparent Losses Non-revenue Water Water Losses Water Meter Inaccuracies

Kaynakça

  • REFERENCES
  • [1] Lambert AO, Brown TG, Takizawa M, Weimer D. A review of performance indicators for real losses from water supply systems. J Water Serv Res Technol-Aqua 1999;486:227−237. [CrossRef]
  • [2] Alegre H, Hirner W, Baptista JM, Parena R. Performance Indicators for Water Supply Services. 1st ed. London: IWA Publishing; 2000.
  • [3] Tabesh M, Delavar MR. Application of integrated GIS and hydraulic models for unaccounted for water studies in water distribution systems. In: Maksimovic C, Butler D, Memon FA, editors. Proceedings of the CCWI '03 Conference; 2003 Sept 15−17; London: CRC Press; 2003. pp. 1−10. [CrossRef]
  • [4] McKenzie R, Seago C. Assessment of real losses in potable water distribution systems: some recent developments. In: Wilderer P, editor. 4th World Water Congress: Innovation in Water Supply - Reuse and Efficiency; 2005 London: IWA Publishing; 2005. pp. 33−40. [CrossRef]
  • [5] Durmuscelebi FM, Ozdemir O, Firat M. District metered areas for water loss management in distribu-tion systems. Sigma J Eng Nat Sci 2020;38:149−170.
  • [6] Al-Washali T, Sharma S, Kennedy M. Methods of assessment of water losses in water supply systems: A Review. Water Resour Manag 2016;30:4985−5001. [CrossRef]
  • [7] Arregui FJ, Gavara FJ, Soriano J, Pastor-Jabaloyes L. Performance analysis of ageing single-jet water meters for measuring residential water consump-tion. Water 2018;10:612. [CrossRef]
  • [8] Criminisi A, Fontanazza CM, Freni G, La Loggia G. Evaluation of the apparent losses caused by water meter under-registration in intermittent water sup-ply. Water Sci Technol 2009;60:2373−2382. [CrossRef]
  • [9] Van Zyl JE. Introduction to integrated water meter management. Gezina, South Africa: Water Research Commission (WRC).2011.
  • [10] Arregui FJ, Cabrera EJ, Cobacho R. Integrated Water Meter Management. 1st ed. London, UK: IWA Publishing; 2006.
  • [11] Lambert A, Hirner W. Losses from water supply sys-tems: Standard terminology and recommended per-formance measures. IWA's Blue Pages. 2000:1−13.
  • [12] Arregui FJ, Soriano J, Cabrera E, Cobacho R. Nine steps towards a better water meter management. Water Sci Technol 2012;65:1273−1280. [CrossRef]
  • [13] Karadirek IE. An experimental analysis on accuracy of customer water meters under various flow rates and water pressures. J Water Supply Res Technol-Aqua 2020;69:18−27. [CrossRef]
  • [14] International Organization for Standardization. ISO4064-1. Water meters for cold potable water and hot water - Part 1: Metrological and techni-cal requirements. International Organization for Standardization, 2014. Available at: https://www.iso. org/standard/55371.html
  • [15] Fontanazza CM, Notaro V, Puleo V, Freni G. Effects of network pressure on water meter under-registra-tion: An experimental analysis. Drink Water Eng Sci 2013;6:119−149. [CrossRef]
  • [16] Kanakoudis V, Tsitsifli S. Socially fair domestic water pricing: Who is going to pay for the non-revenue water?. Desalin Water Treat 2016;57:11599−11609.[CrossRef]
  • [17] Arregui FJ, Balaguer M, Soriano J, Garcia-Serra J. Quantifying measuring errors of new residential water meters considering different customer con-sumption patterns. Urban Water J 2016;13:463−475.[CrossRef]
  • [18] International Organization for Standardization. ISO4064-2. Water meters for cold potable water and hot water - Part 2: Test Methods. International Organization for Standardization, 2014. Available at: https://www.iso.org/standard/55383.html
  • [19] Mutikanga HE, Sharma SK, Vairavamoorthy K. Investigating water meter performance in develop-ing countries: A case study of Kampala, Uganda. Water 2011;37:567−574. [CrossRef]
Toplam 20 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Yapısal Biyoloji
Bölüm Research Articles
Yazarlar

İbrahim Ethem Karadirek 0000-0003-3689-4125

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 19 Mart 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 41 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Karadirek İE. How does ageing of customer water meters effect the accuracy?. SIGMA. 2023;41(2):408-14.

IMPORTANT NOTE: JOURNAL SUBMISSION LINK https://eds.yildiz.edu.tr/sigma/