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COVID-19 Pandemisinde Gebelik Süreci ve Doğum Korkusu

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 39 - 44, 20.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.48071/sbuhemsirelik.988885

Öz

Dünyada milyonlarca insanın hayatını dramatik bir şekilde etkileyen COVID-19 pandemisi, gebe kadınlarda her zamankinden daha fazla endişe ve belirsizliklere neden olarak psikolojik bir yük oluşturmakta, olağandan daha fazla korkuya neden olmaktadır. Bu derlemenin amacı, COVID-19 pandemisinde gebelerde doğum korkusuna etki eden faktörler hakkında farkındalık sağlamaktır. Literatür taraması Google Akademik, PubMed, Web of Science veri tabanlarında Türkçe ve İngilizce “COVID-19”, “gebe”, “gebelik”, “doğum korkusu” “pandemi” anahtar kelimeleri kullanılarak yapıldı. Gebelerde, aile desteğinin yetersizliği, sağlık ekibiyle iletişim sorunları, bebeğin virüsle enfekte olma kaygısı ve kadınların doğum sonrası bebeklerinden ayrı kalma korkusunu içeren nedenlerle doğum korkusu oluşmaktadır. Kadınların büyük çoğunluğunun doğumdan korktuğu, en çok bebeklerinin sağlığı konusunda endişe duydukları, COVID-19 ile ilgili yanlış bilgilerin gebe kadınların korku ve kaygısını artırdığı, doğum tercihlerini ve doğum yerini etkilediği rapor edilmektedir. COVID-19 pandemisine bağlı sosyal izolasyonun, gebe kadınlarda sosyal destek yetersizliğine neden olduğu, doğum öncesi eğitim ve danışmanlığın gebelerin endişe ve korkusunu azaltmada olumlu etkisinin olduğu belirtilmektedir. COVID-19 pandemisinde, gebe kadınlara bilinçli, sürekli ve saygılı izlem ve desteğin sürdürülmesi, anne-çocuk sağlığı, aile ve toplum sağlığı için önemli olduğu kadar, her kadının pozitif bir doğum deneyimi yaşaması için de oldukça önemlidir.

Kaynakça

  • Aksoy Derya, Y., Altiparmak, S., Akça, E., Gökbulut, N., & Yilmaz, A. N. (2021). Pregnancy and birth planning during COVID-19: The effects of tele-education offered to pregnant women on prenatal distress and pregnancy-related anxiety. Midwifery, 92, 102877.
  • Alijanpour, M., Sadatmahalleh, S. J., Samaneh, Y., Mahnaz, B. K., Majid, Y. A., Moini, A., & Kazemnejad, A. (2021). Influence of psycho-sexual factors on the quality of life in pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic: A Path Analysis. Research Square, 1-17. Doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-45196/v3
  • Antonakou, A. (2020). The latest update on the effects of COVID-19 infection in pregnancy. European Journal of Midwifery, 4, 12. doi: 10.18332/ejm/120973
  • Asselmann, E., Wittchen, H. U., Erler, L., & Martini, J. (2016). Peripartum changes in social support among women with and without anxiety and depressive disorders prior to pregnancy: a prospective-longitudinal study. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 19(6), 943-952.
  • Bivia-Roig, G., Boldo-Roda, A., Blasco-Sanz, R., Serrano-Raya, L., DelaFuente-Díez, E., Múzquiz-Barberá, P., & Lisón, J. F. (2021). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the lifestyles and quality of life of women with fertility problems: A cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 686115
  • Blakeway, H., Prasad, S., Kalafat, E., Heath, P. T., Ladhani, S. N., Le Doare, K., Magee, L. A., O'Brien, P., Rezvani, A., von Dadelszen, P., & Khalil, A. (2022). COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy: coverage and safety. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 226(2), 236.e1–236.e14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2021.08.007 Brooks, S. K., Weston, D., & Greenberg, N. (2020). Psychological impact of infectious disease outbreaks on pregnant women: rapid evidence review. Public Health, 189, 26-36.
  • Bwire, G. M., Njiro, B. J., Mwakawanga, D. L., Sabas, D., & Sunguya, B. F. (2021). Possible vertical transmission and antibodies against SARS‐CoV‐2 among infants born to mothers with COVID‐19: A living systematic review. Journal of Medical Virology, 93(3), 1361-1369
  • Chen, H., Guo, J., Wang, C., Luo, F., Yu, X., Zhang, W., Li, J., Zhao, D., Xu, D., Gong, Q., Liao, J., Yang, H., Hou, W., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. Lancet (London, England), 395(10226), 809–815. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30360-3
  • Corbett, G. A., Milne, S. J., Hehir, M. P., Lindow, S. W., & O’connell, M. P. (2020). Health anxiety and behavioural changes of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, 249, 96-97. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.04.022
  • Davis-Floyd, R., Gutschow, K., & Schwartz, D. A. (2020). Pregnancy, birth and the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Medical Anthropology, 39(5), 413-427. doi: 10.1080/01459740.2020.1761804.
  • Dencker, A., Nilsson, C., Begley, C., Jangsten, E., Mollberg, M., Patel, H., ... & Sparud-Lundin, C. (2019). Causes and outcomes in studies of fear of childbirth: a systematic review. Women and Birth, 32(2), 99-111.
  • Dong, M., & Zheng, J. (2020). Letter to the editor: Headline stress disorder caused by Netnews during the outbreak of COVID‐19. Health Expectations: An International Journal of Public Participation In Health Care And Health Policy, 23(2), 259-260. doi: 10.1111/hex.13055.
  • Du, L., Gu, Y. B., Cui, M. Q., Li, W. X., Wang, J., Zhu, L. P., & Xu, B. (2020). Investigation on demands for antenatal care services among 2 002 pregnant women during the epidemic of COVID-19 in Shanghai. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi, 55(3), 160-165. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112141-20200218-00112.
  • Ecker, J. L., & Minkoff, H. L. (2020). Laboring alone? Brief thoughts on ethics and practical answers during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. American Journal Of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM, 2(3), 100141. doi: 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2020.100141
  • Egloff, C., Vauloup-Fellous, C., Picone, O., Mandelbrot, L., & Roques, P. (2020). Evidence and possible mechanisms of rare maternal-fetal transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Journal of Clinical Virology: the Official Publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology, 128, 104447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104447
  • Fakari, F. R., & Simbar, M. (2020). Coronavirus pandemic and worries during pregnancy; a letter to editor. Archives of Academic Emergency Medicine, 8(1), e21-e21.
  • Ferrazzi, E., Frigerio, L., Savasi, V., Vergani, P., Prefumo, F., Barresi, S., Bianchi, S., Ciriello, E., Facchinetti, F., Gervasi, M. T., Iurlaro, E., Kustermann, A., Mangili, G., Mosca, F., Patanè, L., Spazzini, D., Spinillo, A., Trojano, G., Vignali, M., Villa, A., … Cetin, I. (2020). Vaginal delivery in SARS-CoV-2-infected pregnant women in Northern Italy: a retrospective analysis. BJOG : An İnternational Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 127(9), 1116–1121. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.16278
  • Gajbhiye, R. K., Modi, D. N., & Mahale, S. D. (2020). Pregnancy outcomes, newborn complications and maternal-fetal transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in women with COVID-19: a systematic review of 441 cases. MedRxiv, 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.11.20062356
  • Gariepy, G., Honkaniemi, H., & Quesnel-Vallee, A. (2016). Social support and protection from depression: systematic review of current findings in Western countries. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 209(4), 284-293. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.115.169094
  • İsbir, G. G., Inci, F., Önal, H., & Yıldız, P. D. (2016). The effects of antenatal education on fear of childbirth, maternal self-efficacy and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms following childbirth: an experimental study. Applied Nursing Research, 32, 227-232. doi: 10.1016/j.apnr.2016.07.013
  • Karabulut, Ö., Coşkuner Potur, D., Doğan Merih, Y., Cebeci Mutlu, S., & Demirci, N. (2016). Does antenatal education reduce fear of childbirth? International Nursing Review, 63(1), 60-67. doi: 10.1111/inr.12223
  • Kotlyar, A. M., Grechukhina, O., Chen, A., Popkhadze, S., Grimshaw, A., Tal, O., ... & Tal, R. (2021). Vertical transmission of coronavirus disease 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 224(1), 35-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.07.049
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  • Lukasse, M., Schei, B., Ryding, E. L., & Bidens Study Group. (2014). Prevalence and associated factors of fear of childbirth in six European countries. Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare, 5(3), 99-106. doi: 10.1016/j.srhc.2014.06.007
  • Mirzadeh, M., & Khedmat, L. (2020). Pregnant women in the exposure to COVID-19 infection outbreak: the unseen risk factors and preventive healthcare patterns. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 1-2. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2020.1749257
  • Mohan, S., Reagu, S., Lindow, S., & Alabdulla, M. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in perinatal women: a cross sectional survey. Journal of Perinatal Medicine, 49(6), 678–685. https://doi.org/10.1515/jpm-2021-0069
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Pregnancy Process and Fear of Childbirth During COVID-19 Pandemic

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 39 - 44, 20.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.48071/sbuhemsirelik.988885

Öz

COVID-19 pandemic, which has dramatically affected the lives of millions of people around the world, have caused more anxiety and uncertainty in pregnant women than ever before, creating a psychological burden and more fear than usual. The purpose of this review was to raise awareness about the factors affecting the fear of childbirth in pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic. The literature search was conducted using the keywords "COVID-19", "pregnant", "pregnancy", "fear of childbirth" and "pandemic" in Turkish and English in Google Academic, PubMed, Web of Science databases. Fear of childbirth occurs in pregnant women due to lack of family support, communication problems with the health care team, anxiety of the baby being infected with the virus, and the fear of women being separated from their babies after delivery. It is reported that the vast majority of women are fear of childbirth, they are most worried about the health of their babies, false information about COVID-19 increases the fear and anxiety of pregnant women, and it is also affects their birth preferences and place of birth. It is stated that social distance practices due to the COVID 19 pandemic cause a lack of social support in pregnant women, and prenatal education and counseling have a positive effect on reducing the anxiety and fear of pregnant women. In the COVID 19 pandemic, maintaining conscious, continuous and respectful monitoring and support for pregnant women is not only important not only for mother-child health, family and community health, but also for every woman to have a positive childbirth experience.

Kaynakça

  • Aksoy Derya, Y., Altiparmak, S., Akça, E., Gökbulut, N., & Yilmaz, A. N. (2021). Pregnancy and birth planning during COVID-19: The effects of tele-education offered to pregnant women on prenatal distress and pregnancy-related anxiety. Midwifery, 92, 102877.
  • Alijanpour, M., Sadatmahalleh, S. J., Samaneh, Y., Mahnaz, B. K., Majid, Y. A., Moini, A., & Kazemnejad, A. (2021). Influence of psycho-sexual factors on the quality of life in pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic: A Path Analysis. Research Square, 1-17. Doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-45196/v3
  • Antonakou, A. (2020). The latest update on the effects of COVID-19 infection in pregnancy. European Journal of Midwifery, 4, 12. doi: 10.18332/ejm/120973
  • Asselmann, E., Wittchen, H. U., Erler, L., & Martini, J. (2016). Peripartum changes in social support among women with and without anxiety and depressive disorders prior to pregnancy: a prospective-longitudinal study. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 19(6), 943-952.
  • Bivia-Roig, G., Boldo-Roda, A., Blasco-Sanz, R., Serrano-Raya, L., DelaFuente-Díez, E., Múzquiz-Barberá, P., & Lisón, J. F. (2021). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the lifestyles and quality of life of women with fertility problems: A cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 686115
  • Blakeway, H., Prasad, S., Kalafat, E., Heath, P. T., Ladhani, S. N., Le Doare, K., Magee, L. A., O'Brien, P., Rezvani, A., von Dadelszen, P., & Khalil, A. (2022). COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy: coverage and safety. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 226(2), 236.e1–236.e14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2021.08.007 Brooks, S. K., Weston, D., & Greenberg, N. (2020). Psychological impact of infectious disease outbreaks on pregnant women: rapid evidence review. Public Health, 189, 26-36.
  • Bwire, G. M., Njiro, B. J., Mwakawanga, D. L., Sabas, D., & Sunguya, B. F. (2021). Possible vertical transmission and antibodies against SARS‐CoV‐2 among infants born to mothers with COVID‐19: A living systematic review. Journal of Medical Virology, 93(3), 1361-1369
  • Chen, H., Guo, J., Wang, C., Luo, F., Yu, X., Zhang, W., Li, J., Zhao, D., Xu, D., Gong, Q., Liao, J., Yang, H., Hou, W., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. Lancet (London, England), 395(10226), 809–815. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30360-3
  • Corbett, G. A., Milne, S. J., Hehir, M. P., Lindow, S. W., & O’connell, M. P. (2020). Health anxiety and behavioural changes of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, 249, 96-97. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.04.022
  • Davis-Floyd, R., Gutschow, K., & Schwartz, D. A. (2020). Pregnancy, birth and the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Medical Anthropology, 39(5), 413-427. doi: 10.1080/01459740.2020.1761804.
  • Dencker, A., Nilsson, C., Begley, C., Jangsten, E., Mollberg, M., Patel, H., ... & Sparud-Lundin, C. (2019). Causes and outcomes in studies of fear of childbirth: a systematic review. Women and Birth, 32(2), 99-111.
  • Dong, M., & Zheng, J. (2020). Letter to the editor: Headline stress disorder caused by Netnews during the outbreak of COVID‐19. Health Expectations: An International Journal of Public Participation In Health Care And Health Policy, 23(2), 259-260. doi: 10.1111/hex.13055.
  • Du, L., Gu, Y. B., Cui, M. Q., Li, W. X., Wang, J., Zhu, L. P., & Xu, B. (2020). Investigation on demands for antenatal care services among 2 002 pregnant women during the epidemic of COVID-19 in Shanghai. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi, 55(3), 160-165. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112141-20200218-00112.
  • Ecker, J. L., & Minkoff, H. L. (2020). Laboring alone? Brief thoughts on ethics and practical answers during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. American Journal Of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM, 2(3), 100141. doi: 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2020.100141
  • Egloff, C., Vauloup-Fellous, C., Picone, O., Mandelbrot, L., & Roques, P. (2020). Evidence and possible mechanisms of rare maternal-fetal transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Journal of Clinical Virology: the Official Publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology, 128, 104447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104447
  • Fakari, F. R., & Simbar, M. (2020). Coronavirus pandemic and worries during pregnancy; a letter to editor. Archives of Academic Emergency Medicine, 8(1), e21-e21.
  • Ferrazzi, E., Frigerio, L., Savasi, V., Vergani, P., Prefumo, F., Barresi, S., Bianchi, S., Ciriello, E., Facchinetti, F., Gervasi, M. T., Iurlaro, E., Kustermann, A., Mangili, G., Mosca, F., Patanè, L., Spazzini, D., Spinillo, A., Trojano, G., Vignali, M., Villa, A., … Cetin, I. (2020). Vaginal delivery in SARS-CoV-2-infected pregnant women in Northern Italy: a retrospective analysis. BJOG : An İnternational Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 127(9), 1116–1121. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.16278
  • Gajbhiye, R. K., Modi, D. N., & Mahale, S. D. (2020). Pregnancy outcomes, newborn complications and maternal-fetal transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in women with COVID-19: a systematic review of 441 cases. MedRxiv, 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.11.20062356
  • Gariepy, G., Honkaniemi, H., & Quesnel-Vallee, A. (2016). Social support and protection from depression: systematic review of current findings in Western countries. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 209(4), 284-293. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.115.169094
  • İsbir, G. G., Inci, F., Önal, H., & Yıldız, P. D. (2016). The effects of antenatal education on fear of childbirth, maternal self-efficacy and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms following childbirth: an experimental study. Applied Nursing Research, 32, 227-232. doi: 10.1016/j.apnr.2016.07.013
  • Karabulut, Ö., Coşkuner Potur, D., Doğan Merih, Y., Cebeci Mutlu, S., & Demirci, N. (2016). Does antenatal education reduce fear of childbirth? International Nursing Review, 63(1), 60-67. doi: 10.1111/inr.12223
  • Kotlyar, A. M., Grechukhina, O., Chen, A., Popkhadze, S., Grimshaw, A., Tal, O., ... & Tal, R. (2021). Vertical transmission of coronavirus disease 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 224(1), 35-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.07.049
  • Jiang, H., Jin, L., Qian, X., Xiong, X., La, X., Chen, W., ... & Li, M. (2020). Evidence of accessing antenatal care information via social media platforms supports mental wellbeing in COVID-19 epidemic. Bull World Health Organ, 10.
  • Lukasse, M., Schei, B., Ryding, E. L., & Bidens Study Group. (2014). Prevalence and associated factors of fear of childbirth in six European countries. Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare, 5(3), 99-106. doi: 10.1016/j.srhc.2014.06.007
  • Mirzadeh, M., & Khedmat, L. (2020). Pregnant women in the exposure to COVID-19 infection outbreak: the unseen risk factors and preventive healthcare patterns. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 1-2. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2020.1749257
  • Mohan, S., Reagu, S., Lindow, S., & Alabdulla, M. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in perinatal women: a cross sectional survey. Journal of Perinatal Medicine, 49(6), 678–685. https://doi.org/10.1515/jpm-2021-0069
  • Naghizadeh, S., & Mirghafourvand, M. (2021). Relationship of fear of COVID-19 and pregnancy-related quality of life during the COVID-19 pandemic. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 35(4), 364-368. doi: 10.1016/j.apnu.2021.05.006
  • Nilsson, C., Hessman, E., Sjöblom, H., Dencker, A., Jangsten, E., Mollberg, M., Patel, H., Sparud-Lundin, C., Wigert, H., & Begley, C. (2018). Definitions, measurements and prevalence of fear of childbirth: a systematic review. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 18(1), 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-018-1659-7
  • Nosratabadi, M., Hekmat, K., Dencker, A., & Abbaspoor, Z. (2018). Individual and group psycho-educational counseling on knowledge, attitude and preference for birth method in nulliparous women: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Family & Reproductive Health, 12(2), 103-110.
  • Pakpour, A. H., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 and its role in preventive behaviors. Journal of Concurrent Disorders, 2(1), 58-63. doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00340-x
  • Panahi, L., Amiri, M., & Pouy, S. (2020). Risks of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in pregnancy; a narrative review. Archives of Academic Emergency Medicine, 8(1), e34.
  • Preis, H., Mahaffey, B., & Lobel, M. (2021). The role of pandemic‐related pregnancy stress in preference for community birth during the beginning of the COVID‐19 pandemic in the United States. Birth, 48(2), 242-250. https://doi.org/10.1111/birt.12533
  • Premkumar, A., Cassimatis, I., Berhie, S. H., Jao, J., Cohn, S. E., Sutton, S. H., ... & Yee, L. M. (2020). Home birth in the era of COVID-19: counseling and preparation for pregnant persons living with HIV. American Journal of Perinatology, 37(10), 1038-1043. doi: 10.1055/s-0040-1712513
  • Ravaldi, C., Wilson, A., Ricca, V., Homer, C., & Vannacci, A. (2021). Pregnant women voice their concerns and birth expectations during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy. Women and Birth, 34(4), 335-343. doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2020.07.002
  • Romanis, E. C. (2020). Addressing Rising Cesarean Rates: Maternal Request Cesareans, Defensive Practice, and the Power of Choice in Childbirth. IJFAB: International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics, 13(1), 1-26.
  • Rondung, E., Thomtén, J., & Sundin, Ö. (2016). Psychological perspectives on fear of childbirth. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 44, 80-91.
  • Saccone, G., Florio, A., Aiello, F., Venturella, R., De Angelis, M. C., Locci, M., ... & Sardo, A. D. S. (2020). Psychological impact of coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnant women. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 223(2), 293-295. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.05.003
  • Sahin, B. M., & Kabakci, E. N. (2021). The experiences of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey: A qualitative study. Women and Birth, 34(2), 162-169.
  • Shaw, S. H., Herbers, J. E., & Cutuli, J. J. (2019). Medical and psychosocial risk profiles for low birthweight and preterm birth. Women's Health Issues, 29(5), 400-406.
  • Silva, M. M. D. J., Nogueira, D. A., Clapis, M. J., & Leite, E. P. R. C. (2017). Anxiety in pregnancy: prevalence and associated factors. Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP, 51.doi: 10.1590/S1980-220X2016048003253.
  • Sinesi, A., Maxwell, M., O'Carroll, R., & Cheyne, H. (2019). Anxiety scales used in pregnancy: systematic review. BJPsych Open, 5(1). doi: 10.1192/bjo.2018.75
  • Stewart, R. C., Umar, E., Tomenson, B., & Creed, F. (2014). Validation of the multi-dimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS) and the relationship between social support, intimate partner violence and antenatal depression in Malawi. BMC Psychiatry, 14(1), 1-11.
  • Soltani, F., Eskandari, Z., Khodakarami, B., Parsa, P., & Roshanaei, G. (2017). Factors contributing to fear of childbirth among pregnant women in Hamadan (Iran) in 2016. Electronic Physician, 9(7), 4725.
  • Taubman–Ben‐Ari, O., Chasson, M., & Abu‐Sharkia, S. (2020). Childbirth anxieties in the shadow of COVID‐19: Self‐compassion and social support among Jewish and Arab pregnant women in Israel. Health & Social Care in the Community, 14. doi: 10.1111/hsc.13196.
  • Thapa, S. B., Mainali, A., Schwank, S. E., & Acharya, G. (2020). Maternal mental health in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 99(7), 817-818. doi: 10.1111/aogs.13894.
  • Vivilaki, V. G., & Asimaki, E. (2020). Respectful midwifery care during the COVID-19 pandemic. European Journal of Midwifery, 4, 1-2.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). “Q&A: pregnancy, childbirth and COVID-19.” World Health Organization. Retrieved from (20.05.2021): https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/interactive timeline?gclid=CjwKCAjw3_KIBhA2EiwAaAAlinPaqeCcwDWVWP2BPhT90MpeYvCOIwn2ziPVj-vln5LPxX8lQqFhoCrB0QAvD_BwE#event-115.
  • Wu, H., Sun, W., Huang, X., Yu, S., Wang, H., Bi, X., ... & Ming, W. K. (2020). Online antenatal care during the COVID-19 pandemic: opportunities and challenges. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(7), e19916. doi: 10.2196/19916
  • Yedid Sion, M., Harlev, A., Weintraub, A. Y., Sergienko, R., & Sheiner, E. (2016). Is antenatal depression associated with adverse obstetric and perinatal outcomes?. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 29(6), 863-867.doi: 10.3109/14767058.2015
  • Zaigham, M., & Andersson, O. (2020). Maternal and perinatal outcomes with COVID-19: A systematic review of 108 pregnancies. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 99(7), 823–829. https://doi.org/10.1111/aogs.13867
  • Zeng, H., Xu, C., Fan, J., Tang, Y., Deng, Q., Zhang, W., & Long, X. (2020). Antibodies in Infants Born to Mothers With COVID-19 Pneumonia. JAMA, 323(18), 1848–1849. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.4861
  • Zhen, R., Quan, L., & Zhou, X. (2018). How does social support relieve depression among flood victims? The contribution of feelings of safety, self-disclosure, and negative cognition. Journal of Affective Disorders, 229, 186-192. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.12.087
Toplam 52 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Hemşirelik
Bölüm Derleme Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Özlem Akın 0000-0001-7210-8756

Nülüfer Erbil 0000-0003-3586-6237

Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Nisan 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Akın, Ö., & Erbil, N. (2022). COVID-19 Pandemisinde Gebelik Süreci ve Doğum Korkusu. Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Dergisi, 4(1), 39-44. https://doi.org/10.48071/sbuhemsirelik.988885
AMA Akın Ö, Erbil N. COVID-19 Pandemisinde Gebelik Süreci ve Doğum Korkusu. SBÜHD. Nisan 2022;4(1):39-44. doi:10.48071/sbuhemsirelik.988885
Chicago Akın, Özlem, ve Nülüfer Erbil. “COVID-19 Pandemisinde Gebelik Süreci Ve Doğum Korkusu”. Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Dergisi 4, sy. 1 (Nisan 2022): 39-44. https://doi.org/10.48071/sbuhemsirelik.988885.
EndNote Akın Ö, Erbil N (01 Nisan 2022) COVID-19 Pandemisinde Gebelik Süreci ve Doğum Korkusu. Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Dergisi 4 1 39–44.
IEEE Ö. Akın ve N. Erbil, “COVID-19 Pandemisinde Gebelik Süreci ve Doğum Korkusu”, SBÜHD, c. 4, sy. 1, ss. 39–44, 2022, doi: 10.48071/sbuhemsirelik.988885.
ISNAD Akın, Özlem - Erbil, Nülüfer. “COVID-19 Pandemisinde Gebelik Süreci Ve Doğum Korkusu”. Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Dergisi 4/1 (Nisan 2022), 39-44. https://doi.org/10.48071/sbuhemsirelik.988885.
JAMA Akın Ö, Erbil N. COVID-19 Pandemisinde Gebelik Süreci ve Doğum Korkusu. SBÜHD. 2022;4:39–44.
MLA Akın, Özlem ve Nülüfer Erbil. “COVID-19 Pandemisinde Gebelik Süreci Ve Doğum Korkusu”. Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Dergisi, c. 4, sy. 1, 2022, ss. 39-44, doi:10.48071/sbuhemsirelik.988885.
Vancouver Akın Ö, Erbil N. COVID-19 Pandemisinde Gebelik Süreci ve Doğum Korkusu. SBÜHD. 2022;4(1):39-44.

Cited By

Gebelikte Risk Algısı
Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi
https://doi.org/10.51754/cusbed.1311913

Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Dergisi'nin içeriği Creative Commons Lisansı Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.