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Alternate Bearing and Chemical Thinning Applications in Olives

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 91 - 101, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.59359/maujan.1285873

Öz

In this review, in which the subject of alternance in olives is discussed, the effect of alternance on olive cultivation and the methods of coping with alternans are examined in line with the latest literature. The latest developments in chemical dilution, which is the most effective and most practical among alternative methods of combating alternance, are brought together. Chemical dilution studies on olives conducted in 2021 and before were searched for and presented in this review using various databases. As a result of the literature review, access to 20 scientific research articles directly related to the subject was provided. Because of the alternate bearing discussed in the study, olive production follows a cyclical pattern. Despite the fact that the olive is genetically predisposed to alternate bearing, it can be managed and controlled through horticultural practices; in this regard, chemical fruit thinning is the most commonly used method in olives. NAA, NAAm, Ethephon, Urea and GA3 are among the most preferred chemicals used for chemical dilution in olives. Chemicals used, their doses, application times and many factors related to them affect the success of chemical applications. These factors include the tree’s age, variety, physiological condition and climatic conditions (particularly temperature), full flowering time, and young fruiting period. When we look at the publications on chemical dilution, it is striking that the studies in our country are fewer in number than the studies abroad. This situation can be associated with the fact that there are still some concerns about chemical dilution in our country. The availability of “environmentally friendly” chemicals will be beneficial in reducing these concerns and protecting the environment, and producers will not suffer economically. As a result, there has been an increase in the use of chemicals all over the world in recent years, with an increasing reputation for environmentally friendly chemicals.

Kaynakça

  • Akça Uçkun, A., (2017). Ahmetli/Manisa yöresindeki farklı zeytin çeşitlerinde kimyasal seyreltme uygulamalarının meyve verim ve kalite özellikleri üzerine etkileri [The effects of chemical thinning applications on yield and quality characteristics in different olive varieties in Ahmetli /Manisa] [PhD Thesis, Ege University].
  • Bangerth, F. (1989). Dominance among fruits/sinks and the search for a correlative signal (Mini-review). Physiologia Plantarum, 76(4), 608-614. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1989.tb05487.x
  • Bangerth, F. (1997). Can regulatory mechanism in fruit growth and development be elucidated through the study of endogenous hormone concentrations? Acta Horticulturae, 463, 77-88. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1998.463.7
  • Bangerth, F. (2006). Flower induction in perennial fruit trees: Still an Enigma. Acta Horticulturae, 727, 177-196. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2006.727.20
  • Bangerth, F., & Quinlan, J. (2000). Editorial Preface. Plant Growth Regulation, 31, 5-6. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006312108251
  • Bernier, G., Havelange, A., Houssa, C., Petitjean, A., & Lejeune, P. (1993). Physiological signals that induce flowering. The Plant Cell, 5(10), 1147-1155. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.5.10.1147
  • Briccoli Bati, C., Filipucci, B., & Monardo, D. (2002). Bioclimatology of olive: Effects of climatic conditions on flower biology. Acta Horticulturae, 586, 493-495. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.586.102
  • Burak, M., Büyükyılmaz, M., & Öz, F. (1997). Starkrimson Delicious elma çeşidinde meyve seyreltmesi üzerinde bir araştırma. Yumuşak Çekirdekli Meyveler Sempozyumu, Türkiye, pp. 161-177.
  • Chan, B. G., & Cain, J. C. (1967). The effect of seed formation on subsequent flowering in apple. Proceedings of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 91, 63-67.
  • Childers, N. F., Morris, J. R., & Sibbett, G. S. (1995). Modern fruit science: Orchard and small fruit culture. 10th ed. Horticultural Publications.
  • Çiğdem, Z. (2014). Gemlik zeytin çeşidinde kimyasal seyreltmenin meyve ile yağ verim ve kalitesine etkileri [Effects of chemical fruit thinning on fruit and oil yield and quality in Gemlik olive variety]. [MSc Thesis, Ege University].
  • Crous, J. J. (2012). Managing olive yield and fruit quality under South African conditions [PhD Thesis, Stellenbosch University].
  • Dağ, A., Bustan, A., Avni, A., Lavee, S., & Riov, J. (2009). Fruit thinning using NAA shows potential for reducing biennial bearing of ‘Barnea’ and ‘Picual’ oil olive trees. Crop & Pasture Science, 60, 1124-1130. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP09090
  • Daie, J. (1985). Carbohydrate partitioning and metabolism in crops. In Janick, J. (Ed.), Horticultural Reviews, Volume 7 (pp. 69-99). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118060735.ch2
  • Dalziel, J., & Lawrence, D. K. (1984). Biochemical and biological effects of kaurene oxidase inhibitors such as paclobutrazol. In Menhenett, R., & Lawrence, D. K. (Eds.), Biochemical aspects of synthetic and naturally occurring plant growth regulators (pp. 43-57). British Plant Growth Regulator Group, Monograph 11, Wantage.
  • Ebert, A., & Bangerth, F. (1981). Relations between the concentration of diffusible and extractable gibberellin-like substances and the alternate bearing behavior in apple as affected by chemical fruit thinning. Scientia Horticulturae, 15, 45-52.
  • Fabbri, A., & Benelli, C. (2000). Flower bud induction and differentiation in olive. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 75, 131-141. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2000.11511212
  • Fahmy, I. (1958). Changes in carbohydrate and nitrogen content of ‘Souri’ olive leaves in relation to alternate bearing. Proceedings of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 72, 252-256.
  • Faust, M., (1989). Physiology of temperate zone fruit trees. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Fernandez-Escobar, R., Benlloch, M., Navarro, C., & Martin, G. C. (1992). The time of floral induction in olive. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 117(2), 304-307. https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.117.2.304
  • Gadner, J. (2003). Thinning and growth regulators notes for apples. Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Ontorio, Canada.
  • Goldschmidt, E. E. (1999). Carbohydrate supply as a critical factor for Citrus fruit development and productivity. HortScience, 34(6), 1020-1024. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.34.6.1020
  • Goldschmidt, E. E. (2005). Regulatory aspects of alternate bearing in fruit trees. Italus Hortus, 12, 11-17.
  • Hackett, W. P., & Hartmann, H. T. (1967). The influence of temperature on floral initiation in the olive. Physiologia Plantarum, 20(2), 430-436. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1967.tb07183.x
  • Hartmann, H. T. (1964). Spray thinning of olives with Naphthalene acetic acid. Proceedings of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 59, 187–195.
  • Kaçal, E. (2011). Elma ağaçlarında seyreltme. Meyvecilik Araştırma İstasyonu Müdürlüğü. Yayın no 43.
  • Kailis, S., & Haris, D. (2000). Table olives; A national and international approach to quality, the University of Western Australia, The Olive Press, The Official Journal of the Australian Olive Association.
  • Krueger, W. H., Maranto, J., & Sibbett, G. S. (2005). Olive fruit thinning. In Sibbett, G. S., & Ferguson, L. (Eds.), Olive production manual (pp. 101-104). University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3353.
  • Kuraiski, S., & Muir, R. M. (1962). Increase in diffusible auxin after treatment with gibberellin. Science, 137(3532), 760-761. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.137.3532.760
  • Lavee, S. (1986). Olive. In Monselise, S. P. (Ed.), CRC Handbook of Fruit Set and Development (pp. 261-276). CRC Press.
  • Lavee, S. (2006). Biennial bearing in olive (Olea europaea L.). FAO Network. Olea 25.
  • Lavee, S. (2007). Biennial bearing in olive (Olea europaea). Annales: Series Historia Naturalis, 17(1), 101-112.
  • Lavee, S., & Avidan, N. (1981). Possible involvement of chlorogenic acid in controlling alternate fruiting of the olive. Proceedings of the 13th International Botanical Congress, Australia, pp. 62.
  • Lavee, S., (1996). Biology and physiology of the olive. In IOOC (Ed.), World olive encyclopedia (pp. 71-105), IOOC.
  • Lavee, S., Harshemesh, H., & Avidan, N. (1986). Phenolic acids - Possible involvement in regulating growth and alternate bearing in olive trees. Acta Horticulturae, 179, 317-328. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1986.179.46
  • Link, H. (2000). Significance of flower and fruit thinning on fruit quality. Plant Growth Regulation, 31, 17-26. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006334110068
  • Marino, F., & Greene, D. W. (1981). Involvement of gibberellins in the biennial bearing of ‘early McIntosh’ apples. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 106(5), 593-596. https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.106.5.593
  • Martin, G. C., Ferguson, L., & Sibbett, G. S. (2005). Flowering, pollination, fruiting, alternate bearing, and abscission. In Olive production manual (pp. 49-54). Sibbett, G. S., & Ferguson, L. (Eds.). University of California.
  • Monselise, S. P., & Goldschmidt, E. E. (1982). Alternate bearing in fruit trees. Horticultural Reviews, 4, 128-173.
  • Muday, G. K., & DeLong, A. (2001). Polar auxin transport: Controlling where and how much. Trends in Plant Science, 6(11), 535-542. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1360-1385(01)02101-x
  • Pinney, K., & Polito, V. S. (1990). Flower initiation in ‘Manzanillo’ olive. Acta Horticulturae, 286, 203-205. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1990.286.41
  • Rallo, L., & Martin, G. C. (1991). The role of chilling in releasing olive floral buds from dormancy. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 116(6), 1058-1062. https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.116.6.1058
  • Rallo, L., & Suarez, M. P. (1989). Seasonal distribution of dry matter within the olive fruit-bearing limb. Advances in Horticultural Science, 3(2), 55-59.
  • Ryugo, K. (1988). Fruit Culture: Its science and art. John Wiley. Davis.
  • Sansavini, S., Bonomo, R., Finotti, A., & Palara, U., (1986). Foliar and soil application of paclobutrazol on gloster apple. Acta Horticulturae, 179, 489-496. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1986.179.75
  • Stopar, M., Gregor, A., & Bati, F. (2000). Apple fruit abscission is influenced by assimilate supply. Acta Horticulturae, 527, 169-178. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2000.527.20
  • Stutte, G. W., & Martin, G. C. (1986). Effect of killing the seed on return bloom of olive. Scientia Horticulturae, 29(1-2), 107-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4238(86)90036-1
  • Therios, I. N. (2009). Olives (No. 18). CABI.
  • Tromp, J. (2000). Flower-bud formation in pome fruits as affected by fruit thinning. Plant Growth Regulation, 31, 27-34. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006342328724
  • Tsujikawa, T., Ichii, T., Nakanishi, T., Ozaki, T., & Kawai, Y. (1990). In vitro flowering of Japanese pear and the effect of GA4+7. Scientia Horticulturae, 41(3), 233-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4238(90)90006-Z
  • Webster, T. (2002). Current approved thinning strategies for apples and pears and recent thinning research trials in Europe. The Compact Fruit Tree, 35(3), 73-76.
  • Weis, K. G., Goren, R., Martin, G. C., & Webster, B. D. (1988). Zeytinde yaprak ve çiçek dökümü. I. Etilen ve ethefon ile düzenleme. Botanik Gazetesi, 149(4), 391-397.
  • Weiss, Y., Edelman, S., & Fahle, M. (1993). Models of perceptual learning in vernier hyperacuity. Neural Computation, 5(5), 695-718. https://doi.org/10.1162/neco.1993.5.5.695
  • Wertheim, S. J. (2000). Developments in the chemical thinning of apple and pear. Plant Growth Regulation, 31, 85-100. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006383504133
  • Westwood, M. N. (1978). Fruit growth and thinning. In Westwood, M. N. (Ed.), Temperate-zone pomology: Physiology and culture (pp. 199-201). Third Edition. W.H. Freeman and Co.
  • Westwood, M. N. (1995). Temperate-Zone Pomology: Physiology and culture. Third Edition. Timber Press.
  • Williams, M. W. (1979). Chemical thinning of apples. In Janick, J. (Ed.), Horticultural Reviews Volume 1 (pp. 270-300) https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118060742.ch7

Zeytinde Alternans ve Kimyasal Seyreltme Uygulamaları

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 91 - 101, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.59359/maujan.1285873

Öz

Zeytinde alternans konusunun ele alındığı bu derlemede, alternansın zeytin yetiştiriciliği üzerine etkisi ve alternansla başa çıkma yöntemleri son literatür bilgileri doğrultusunda irdelenmiştir. Alternansla mücadele yöntemleri arasında en etkili ve en pratiği olan kimyasal seyreltme hakkındaki son gelişmeler bir araya getirilmiştir. Derlemede, 2021 yılı ve öncesinde zeytinde gerçekleştirilen kimyasal seyreltme çalışmaları farklı veritabanları kullanılarak taranarak bir arada sunulmuştur. Kaynak taramaları sonucunda, konuyla direkt ilgili 20 tane bilimsel araştırma makalesine erişim sağlanmıştır. Çalışmada ele alındığı gibi alternans nedeniyle, zeytin üretimi yıllara göre değişkenlik gösteren dalgalı bir seyir izlemektedir. Her ne kadar zeytin, genetik olarak periyodisiteye yatkın olmasına rağmen, bahçecilik uygulamaları ile yönetilebilir ve kontrol edilebilir; bu anlamda zeytinde kimyasal meyve seyreltmesi en çok kullanılan yöntemdir. NAA, NAAm, Ethephon, Üre ve GA3 zeytinde kimyasal seyreltme amacıyla kullanılan kimyasal maddelerin en çok tercih edilenlerindendir. Yapılan kimyasal uygulamaların başarısını, kullanılan kimyasallar, onların dozları, uygulama zamanları ve onlarla bağlantılı pek çok faktör etkiler. Bu faktörlerin başında ağacın yaşı, çeşidi, fizyolojik durumu ve iklim koşulları (özellikle sıcaklık), tam çiçeklenme zamanı, genç meyve dönemi gelmektedir. Kimyasal seyreltme ile ilgili yayınlara baktığımızda ülkemizdeki çalışmaların yurt dışındaki çalışmalara göre daha az sayıda olması dikkat çekicidir. Bu durum, ülkemizde kimyasal seyreltme konusunda hala bazı endişelerin olmasıyla ilişkilendirilebilir. “Çevre dostu” kimyasalların mevcudiyeti bu endişelerin azaltılmasında ve çevrenin korunmasında faydalı olacak ve üreticiler ekonomik olarak zarar görmeyecektir. Bunun bir yansıması olarak, son yıllarda tüm dünyada kimyasal madde kullanımında çevreyle dost kimyasal maddelere itibarın artması yükselen bir trend olmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Akça Uçkun, A., (2017). Ahmetli/Manisa yöresindeki farklı zeytin çeşitlerinde kimyasal seyreltme uygulamalarının meyve verim ve kalite özellikleri üzerine etkileri [The effects of chemical thinning applications on yield and quality characteristics in different olive varieties in Ahmetli /Manisa] [PhD Thesis, Ege University].
  • Bangerth, F. (1989). Dominance among fruits/sinks and the search for a correlative signal (Mini-review). Physiologia Plantarum, 76(4), 608-614. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1989.tb05487.x
  • Bangerth, F. (1997). Can regulatory mechanism in fruit growth and development be elucidated through the study of endogenous hormone concentrations? Acta Horticulturae, 463, 77-88. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1998.463.7
  • Bangerth, F. (2006). Flower induction in perennial fruit trees: Still an Enigma. Acta Horticulturae, 727, 177-196. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2006.727.20
  • Bangerth, F., & Quinlan, J. (2000). Editorial Preface. Plant Growth Regulation, 31, 5-6. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006312108251
  • Bernier, G., Havelange, A., Houssa, C., Petitjean, A., & Lejeune, P. (1993). Physiological signals that induce flowering. The Plant Cell, 5(10), 1147-1155. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.5.10.1147
  • Briccoli Bati, C., Filipucci, B., & Monardo, D. (2002). Bioclimatology of olive: Effects of climatic conditions on flower biology. Acta Horticulturae, 586, 493-495. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.586.102
  • Burak, M., Büyükyılmaz, M., & Öz, F. (1997). Starkrimson Delicious elma çeşidinde meyve seyreltmesi üzerinde bir araştırma. Yumuşak Çekirdekli Meyveler Sempozyumu, Türkiye, pp. 161-177.
  • Chan, B. G., & Cain, J. C. (1967). The effect of seed formation on subsequent flowering in apple. Proceedings of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 91, 63-67.
  • Childers, N. F., Morris, J. R., & Sibbett, G. S. (1995). Modern fruit science: Orchard and small fruit culture. 10th ed. Horticultural Publications.
  • Çiğdem, Z. (2014). Gemlik zeytin çeşidinde kimyasal seyreltmenin meyve ile yağ verim ve kalitesine etkileri [Effects of chemical fruit thinning on fruit and oil yield and quality in Gemlik olive variety]. [MSc Thesis, Ege University].
  • Crous, J. J. (2012). Managing olive yield and fruit quality under South African conditions [PhD Thesis, Stellenbosch University].
  • Dağ, A., Bustan, A., Avni, A., Lavee, S., & Riov, J. (2009). Fruit thinning using NAA shows potential for reducing biennial bearing of ‘Barnea’ and ‘Picual’ oil olive trees. Crop & Pasture Science, 60, 1124-1130. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP09090
  • Daie, J. (1985). Carbohydrate partitioning and metabolism in crops. In Janick, J. (Ed.), Horticultural Reviews, Volume 7 (pp. 69-99). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118060735.ch2
  • Dalziel, J., & Lawrence, D. K. (1984). Biochemical and biological effects of kaurene oxidase inhibitors such as paclobutrazol. In Menhenett, R., & Lawrence, D. K. (Eds.), Biochemical aspects of synthetic and naturally occurring plant growth regulators (pp. 43-57). British Plant Growth Regulator Group, Monograph 11, Wantage.
  • Ebert, A., & Bangerth, F. (1981). Relations between the concentration of diffusible and extractable gibberellin-like substances and the alternate bearing behavior in apple as affected by chemical fruit thinning. Scientia Horticulturae, 15, 45-52.
  • Fabbri, A., & Benelli, C. (2000). Flower bud induction and differentiation in olive. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 75, 131-141. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2000.11511212
  • Fahmy, I. (1958). Changes in carbohydrate and nitrogen content of ‘Souri’ olive leaves in relation to alternate bearing. Proceedings of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 72, 252-256.
  • Faust, M., (1989). Physiology of temperate zone fruit trees. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Fernandez-Escobar, R., Benlloch, M., Navarro, C., & Martin, G. C. (1992). The time of floral induction in olive. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 117(2), 304-307. https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.117.2.304
  • Gadner, J. (2003). Thinning and growth regulators notes for apples. Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Ontorio, Canada.
  • Goldschmidt, E. E. (1999). Carbohydrate supply as a critical factor for Citrus fruit development and productivity. HortScience, 34(6), 1020-1024. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.34.6.1020
  • Goldschmidt, E. E. (2005). Regulatory aspects of alternate bearing in fruit trees. Italus Hortus, 12, 11-17.
  • Hackett, W. P., & Hartmann, H. T. (1967). The influence of temperature on floral initiation in the olive. Physiologia Plantarum, 20(2), 430-436. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1967.tb07183.x
  • Hartmann, H. T. (1964). Spray thinning of olives with Naphthalene acetic acid. Proceedings of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 59, 187–195.
  • Kaçal, E. (2011). Elma ağaçlarında seyreltme. Meyvecilik Araştırma İstasyonu Müdürlüğü. Yayın no 43.
  • Kailis, S., & Haris, D. (2000). Table olives; A national and international approach to quality, the University of Western Australia, The Olive Press, The Official Journal of the Australian Olive Association.
  • Krueger, W. H., Maranto, J., & Sibbett, G. S. (2005). Olive fruit thinning. In Sibbett, G. S., & Ferguson, L. (Eds.), Olive production manual (pp. 101-104). University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3353.
  • Kuraiski, S., & Muir, R. M. (1962). Increase in diffusible auxin after treatment with gibberellin. Science, 137(3532), 760-761. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.137.3532.760
  • Lavee, S. (1986). Olive. In Monselise, S. P. (Ed.), CRC Handbook of Fruit Set and Development (pp. 261-276). CRC Press.
  • Lavee, S. (2006). Biennial bearing in olive (Olea europaea L.). FAO Network. Olea 25.
  • Lavee, S. (2007). Biennial bearing in olive (Olea europaea). Annales: Series Historia Naturalis, 17(1), 101-112.
  • Lavee, S., & Avidan, N. (1981). Possible involvement of chlorogenic acid in controlling alternate fruiting of the olive. Proceedings of the 13th International Botanical Congress, Australia, pp. 62.
  • Lavee, S., (1996). Biology and physiology of the olive. In IOOC (Ed.), World olive encyclopedia (pp. 71-105), IOOC.
  • Lavee, S., Harshemesh, H., & Avidan, N. (1986). Phenolic acids - Possible involvement in regulating growth and alternate bearing in olive trees. Acta Horticulturae, 179, 317-328. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1986.179.46
  • Link, H. (2000). Significance of flower and fruit thinning on fruit quality. Plant Growth Regulation, 31, 17-26. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006334110068
  • Marino, F., & Greene, D. W. (1981). Involvement of gibberellins in the biennial bearing of ‘early McIntosh’ apples. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 106(5), 593-596. https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.106.5.593
  • Martin, G. C., Ferguson, L., & Sibbett, G. S. (2005). Flowering, pollination, fruiting, alternate bearing, and abscission. In Olive production manual (pp. 49-54). Sibbett, G. S., & Ferguson, L. (Eds.). University of California.
  • Monselise, S. P., & Goldschmidt, E. E. (1982). Alternate bearing in fruit trees. Horticultural Reviews, 4, 128-173.
  • Muday, G. K., & DeLong, A. (2001). Polar auxin transport: Controlling where and how much. Trends in Plant Science, 6(11), 535-542. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1360-1385(01)02101-x
  • Pinney, K., & Polito, V. S. (1990). Flower initiation in ‘Manzanillo’ olive. Acta Horticulturae, 286, 203-205. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1990.286.41
  • Rallo, L., & Martin, G. C. (1991). The role of chilling in releasing olive floral buds from dormancy. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 116(6), 1058-1062. https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.116.6.1058
  • Rallo, L., & Suarez, M. P. (1989). Seasonal distribution of dry matter within the olive fruit-bearing limb. Advances in Horticultural Science, 3(2), 55-59.
  • Ryugo, K. (1988). Fruit Culture: Its science and art. John Wiley. Davis.
  • Sansavini, S., Bonomo, R., Finotti, A., & Palara, U., (1986). Foliar and soil application of paclobutrazol on gloster apple. Acta Horticulturae, 179, 489-496. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1986.179.75
  • Stopar, M., Gregor, A., & Bati, F. (2000). Apple fruit abscission is influenced by assimilate supply. Acta Horticulturae, 527, 169-178. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2000.527.20
  • Stutte, G. W., & Martin, G. C. (1986). Effect of killing the seed on return bloom of olive. Scientia Horticulturae, 29(1-2), 107-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4238(86)90036-1
  • Therios, I. N. (2009). Olives (No. 18). CABI.
  • Tromp, J. (2000). Flower-bud formation in pome fruits as affected by fruit thinning. Plant Growth Regulation, 31, 27-34. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006342328724
  • Tsujikawa, T., Ichii, T., Nakanishi, T., Ozaki, T., & Kawai, Y. (1990). In vitro flowering of Japanese pear and the effect of GA4+7. Scientia Horticulturae, 41(3), 233-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4238(90)90006-Z
  • Webster, T. (2002). Current approved thinning strategies for apples and pears and recent thinning research trials in Europe. The Compact Fruit Tree, 35(3), 73-76.
  • Weis, K. G., Goren, R., Martin, G. C., & Webster, B. D. (1988). Zeytinde yaprak ve çiçek dökümü. I. Etilen ve ethefon ile düzenleme. Botanik Gazetesi, 149(4), 391-397.
  • Weiss, Y., Edelman, S., & Fahle, M. (1993). Models of perceptual learning in vernier hyperacuity. Neural Computation, 5(5), 695-718. https://doi.org/10.1162/neco.1993.5.5.695
  • Wertheim, S. J. (2000). Developments in the chemical thinning of apple and pear. Plant Growth Regulation, 31, 85-100. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006383504133
  • Westwood, M. N. (1978). Fruit growth and thinning. In Westwood, M. N. (Ed.), Temperate-zone pomology: Physiology and culture (pp. 199-201). Third Edition. W.H. Freeman and Co.
  • Westwood, M. N. (1995). Temperate-Zone Pomology: Physiology and culture. Third Edition. Timber Press.
  • Williams, M. W. (1979). Chemical thinning of apples. In Janick, J. (Ed.), Horticultural Reviews Volume 1 (pp. 270-300) https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118060742.ch7
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Zekeriya Çiğdem 0000-0002-8790-0663

Meltem Ayaz 0000-0002-2707-4638

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 28 Eylül 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 19 Nisan 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Çiğdem, Z., & Ayaz, M. (2023). Alternate Bearing and Chemical Thinning Applications in Olives. Muş Alparslan University Journal of Agriculture and Nature, 3(2), 91-101. https://doi.org/10.59359/maujan.1285873
AMA Çiğdem Z, Ayaz M. Alternate Bearing and Chemical Thinning Applications in Olives. MAÜ Tarım Doğa Derg. Eylül 2023;3(2):91-101. doi:10.59359/maujan.1285873
Chicago Çiğdem, Zekeriya, ve Meltem Ayaz. “Alternate Bearing and Chemical Thinning Applications in Olives”. Muş Alparslan University Journal of Agriculture and Nature 3, sy. 2 (Eylül 2023): 91-101. https://doi.org/10.59359/maujan.1285873.
EndNote Çiğdem Z, Ayaz M (01 Eylül 2023) Alternate Bearing and Chemical Thinning Applications in Olives. Muş Alparslan University Journal of Agriculture and Nature 3 2 91–101.
IEEE Z. Çiğdem ve M. Ayaz, “Alternate Bearing and Chemical Thinning Applications in Olives”, MAÜ Tarım Doğa Derg, c. 3, sy. 2, ss. 91–101, 2023, doi: 10.59359/maujan.1285873.
ISNAD Çiğdem, Zekeriya - Ayaz, Meltem. “Alternate Bearing and Chemical Thinning Applications in Olives”. Muş Alparslan University Journal of Agriculture and Nature 3/2 (Eylül 2023), 91-101. https://doi.org/10.59359/maujan.1285873.
JAMA Çiğdem Z, Ayaz M. Alternate Bearing and Chemical Thinning Applications in Olives. MAÜ Tarım Doğa Derg. 2023;3:91–101.
MLA Çiğdem, Zekeriya ve Meltem Ayaz. “Alternate Bearing and Chemical Thinning Applications in Olives”. Muş Alparslan University Journal of Agriculture and Nature, c. 3, sy. 2, 2023, ss. 91-101, doi:10.59359/maujan.1285873.
Vancouver Çiğdem Z, Ayaz M. Alternate Bearing and Chemical Thinning Applications in Olives. MAÜ Tarım Doğa Derg. 2023;3(2):91-101.

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