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Effects of RF and ELF Radiation on Oxidative Stress of Brain Tissue and Plasma of Diabetic Rats

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 1 - 7, 02.02.2023

Dilek Kuzay Bahriye Sirav Çiğdem Özer

https://doi.org/10.30934/kusbed.784547

Öz

Objective: Exposure to Radio Frequency (RF) and Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) radiation is increasing steadily with the progress of technology and industrialization. The aim of this study was to investigate whether RF and ELF radiation are oxidative stress effects in the plasma and brain tissue of diabetic and non-diabetic rats.
Methods: Experiment groups were designed as follows; C (control), S (sham), ELF (ELF radiation exposure), RF (RF radiation exposure), ELF+RF (ELF and RF radiation exposure), D-C (Diabetic Control), D-S (Diabetic Sham), D-ELF (Diabetic ELF), D-RF (Diabetic RF), D-ELF+RF (Diabetic ELF+RF). The experimental diabetes model was induced with a single dose of 65mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ). 2100 MHz RF and 50 Hz ELF radiation groups exposed for 1 month. Total nitric oxide (NOx), malondialdehyde (MDA) and total sulfhydryl groups (RSH) / glutathione (GSH) levels were measured in plasma and brain tissue.
Results: RF + ELF radiation exposure caused an increase in NOx and MDA levels in plasma and brain tissue of diabetic and non-diabetic rats (p<0.05). Exposure to RF and RF + ELF radiation caused a decrease in plasma RSH / tissue GSH levels in non-diabetic rats (p<0.05).
Conclusion: The most prominent effect was seen in the diabetic group with RF + ELF radiation exposure.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Diabetes Brain Plasma Radiofrequency Radiation Very Low Frequency Radiation Oxidant Stress

Kaynakça

  • IEEE Standards 2005: ANSI/IEEE C95.1-2005 - IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz.
  • ICNIRP 2010 Standards: Icnirp Guidelines For Limiting Exposure To Time‐Varying Electric And Magnetic Fields (1 Hz – 100 KHz) Published In: Health Physics, 2010; 99(6): 818‐836.
  • Electric and Magnetic Fields Associated with the Use of Electric Power. Prepared by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences National Institutes of Health; 2002.
  • D’ Andrea JA, Chou CK, Johnston SA, Adair E. Microwave effects on the nervous system. Bioelectromagnetics. 2003;6:107-147.
  • Barrett KE, Barman SM, Boitano S, Brooks HL. Ganong’un Tıbbi Fizyolojisi. In: Gökbel H, editors. Pankreasın Endokrin İşlevler ve Karbonhidrat metabolizmasının Düzenlenmesi. 23nd ed. İstanbul: Nobel Press, 2011:322-333.
  • Bosco D, Fava A., Plastino M, Montalcini T, and Pujia A. Possible implications of insulin resistance and glucose metabolism in Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 2011;15:1807–1821.
  • Moreira PI. Alzheimer’s disease and diabetes: an integrative view of the role of mitochondria, oxidative stress, and insulin. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2012;30(2):199–215.
  • Wallace DC. A mitochondrial paradigm of metabolic and degenerative diseases, aging, and cancer: a dawn for evolutionary medicine. Annu. Rev. Genet. 2005;39:359–407.
  • Zhao B, Pan BS, Shen SW, Sun X, Hou ZZ, Yan R, et al. Diabetes induced central neuritic dystrophy and cognitive deficits are associated with the formation of oligomeric reticulon-3 via oxidative stress. J. Biol. Chem. 2013;288:15590–15599.
  • Boulanger E, Dequiedt P, Wautier JL. Advanced glycosylation end products (AGE): new toxins? Nephrologie. 2002;23:351-359.
  • Jagadeeshaprasad MG, Venkatasubramani V, Unnikrishnan AG and Kulkarni MJ. Albumin Abundance and Its Glycation Status Determine Hemoglobin Glycation. ACS Omega. 2018;3:12999−13008.
  • Bergamini CM, Gambetti S, Dondi A, Cervellati C. Oxygen, reactive oxygen species and tissue damage. Curr Pharm Des. 2004;10:1611–1626.
  • Fiser B, Szori M, Jojart B, Izsak R, Csizmadia IG, Viskolcz B. Antioxidant potential of glutathione: a theoretical study. J Phys Chem B. 2011;115:11269–11277.
  • Rolo AP, Palmeira CM. Diabetes and mitochondrial function: role of hyperglycemia and oxidative stress. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2006;212(2):167–178.
  • Karabulut H, Gülay MŞ. Serbest Radikaller. MAKÜ Sag. Bil. Enst. Derg. 2016; 4(1): 50-59.
  • Yuan Q. Modification of biomolecules by lipoxidation derived aldehydes. Doctor of Philosophy. Cleveland, Ohio: Case Western Reserve University; 2006.
  • Desai N, Kesari KK, Agarwal A. Pathophysiology of cell phone radiation: Oxidative stress and carcinogenesis with focus on male reproductive system. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2009;7:1–9.
  • Abdelmelek H, Abderraba M. Effects of olive leave extract on metabolic disorders and oxidative stress induced by 2.45 GHz WIFI signals. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2013;36(3):826-834.
  • Meo SA, Alsubaie Y, Almubarak Z, Almutawa H, AlQasem Y and Hasanato RM. Association of Exposure to Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Field Radiation (RF-EMFR) Generated by Mobile Phone Base Stations with Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2015;12:14519-14528.
  • Havas M. Electromagnetic hypersensitivity: biological effects of dirty electricity with emphasis on diabetes and multiple sclerosis. Electromagn Biol Med. 2006;25(4):259-268.
  • Bocci V, Zanardi I, Huijberts MS, Travagli V. Diabetes and chronic oxidative stress. A perspective based on the possible usefulness of ozone therapy. Elsevier. 2011;5:45–49.
  • Gurbuz N, Sirav B, Kuzay D, Ozer C, Seyhan N. Does radio frequency radiation induce micronuclei frequency in exfoliated bladder cells of diabetic rats? Endocr Regul. 2015;49(3):126-30.
  • Zhou L, Wan B, Liu X, Zhang Y, Lai J, Ruan G, et al. The effects of a 50-Hz magnetic field on the cardiovascular system in rats. J Radiat Res. 2016;57(6):627-36.
  • Miranda KM, Espey MG, Wink DA. A rapid, simple spectrophotometric method for simultaneous detection of nitrate and nitrite. Nitric Oxide: Biology and Chemistry. 2001;5:62–71.
  • Gilbert DL. Fifty years of radical ideas. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000;899:1–14.
  • Kurtel H, Granger DM, Tso P, Grisham MB. Vulnerability Of Intestinal Interstitial Fluid To Oxidant Stress. Am J Physiol. 1992;263:573–578.
  • Nakamura YK, Omaye ST. Age-related changes of serum lipoprotein oxidation in rats. Life Sci. 2004;74:1265–1275.
  • Aykaç G, Uysal M, Yalçin AS, Koçak-Toker N, Sivas A, Oz H. The effects of chronic ethanol ingestion on hepatic lipid peroxide, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione transferase in rats. Toxicology. 1985;36:71–76.
  • Nurdiana S, Goh YM, Hafandi A, Dom SM, Nur Syimal'ain A, Noor Syaffinazaet NM al. Improvement of spatial learning and memory, cortical gyrification patterns and brain oxidative stress markers in diabetic rats treated with Ficus deltoidea leaf extract and vitexin. J Tradit Complement Med. 2018;8(1):190–202.
  • Shivavedi N, Kumar M, Tej GNVC, Nayak PK. Metformin and ascorbic acid combination therapy ameliorates type 2 diabetes mellitus and comorbid depression in rats. Brain Research. 2017;1674:1–9.
  • Abdel-Moneim A, Yousef AI, Abd El-Twab SM, Abdel Reheim ES, Ashour MB. Gallic acid and p-coumaric acid attenuate type 2 diabetes-induced neurodegeneration in rats. Metab Brain Dis. 2017; 32(4):1279–1286.
  • Xie Z, Wu B, Shen G, Li X, Wu Q. Curcumin Alleviates Liver Oxidative Stress İn Type 1 Diabetic Rats. Mol Med Rep. 2018;17:103-108.
  • Martínez-Sámano J, Torres-Durán PV, Juárez-Oropeza MA, Verdugo-Díaz L. Effect of Acute Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure on the Antioxidant Status and Lipid Levels in Rat Brain. Arch Med Res.. 2012;43:183-189.
  • Seyhan N. and Guler G. Review of In Vivo Static and ELF Electric Fields Studies Performed at Gazi Biophysics Department. Electromagn Biol Med. 2006;25:307–323.
  • Cho SI, Nam YS, Chu LY, et al. Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Fields Modulate Nitric Oxide Signalingin Rat Brain. Bioelectromagnetics. 2012;33:568-574.
  • Gumral N, Saygin M, Asci H, Uguz AC, Celik O, Doguc DK, et al. The Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation (2450 Mhz Wireless Devices) On The Heart And Blood Tissue: Role Of Melatonin. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2016;117 (11):665-671.
  • Gürler HS, Bilgici B, Akar Ak, Tomak L, Bedir A. Increased DNA Oxidation (8-Ohdg) And Protein Oxidation (Aopp) By Low Level Electromagnetic Field (2.45 Ghz) In Rat Brain And Protective Effect Of Garlic. Int J Radiat Biol. 2014;90(10):892–896.
  • Altun G, Kaplan S, Deniz OG, Kocacan SE, Canan S, Davis D, et al. Protective effects of melatonin and omega-3 on the hippocampus and the cerebellum of adult Wistar albino rats exposed to electromagnetic fields. J Microsc Ultrastruct. 2017;5(4):230–241.
  • Kıvrak EG, Altunkaynak BZ, Alkan I, Yurt KK, Kocaman A, and Emin M. Effects of 900-MHz radiation on the hippocampus and cerebellum of adult rats and attenuation of such effects by folic acid and Boswellia sacra. J Microsc Ultrastruct. 2017;5(4):216–224.
  • Hossmann KA, Hermann DM. Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation of Mobile Phones on the Central Nervous System. Bioelectromagnetics. 2003;24:49–62.

Diyabetik Sıçanların Beyin Dokusu ve Plazmasında RF ve ELF Radyasyonun Oksidatif Stres Üzerindeki Etkileri

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 1 - 7, 02.02.2023

Dilek Kuzay Bahriye Sirav Çiğdem Özer

https://doi.org/10.30934/kusbed.784547

Öz

Amaç: Teknolojinin ilerlemesi ve endüstrileşme ile birlikte hayatımızın hemen hemen her alanında yer alan RF ve ELF radyasyona maruziyet gittikçe artmaktadır. Çalışmadaki amacımız RF ve ELF radyasyonun diyabetik ve diyabetik olmayan sıçanların beyin doku ve plazmasında oksidatif strese etkilerini araştırmaktır.
Yöntem: Deney grupları; K (Kontrol), S (Sham), ELF (ELF manyetik alan maruziyeti), RF (RF Radyasyon maruziyeti), ELF+RF (ELF manyetik alan ve RF radyasyon maruziyeti), D-K (Diyabet Kontrol), D-S (Diyabet Sham), D-ELF (Diyabet ELF manyetik alan maruziyeti), D-RF (Diyabet RF radyasyon maruziyeti), D-ELF+RF (Diyabet ELF manyetik alan ve RF radyasyon maruziyeti) olarak tasarlandı. Deneysel diyabet modeli tek doz 65mg/kg Streptozotosin (STZ) ile oluşturuldu. RF radyasyon (2100 MHz) ve ELF (50 Hz) manyetik alan 1 ay boyunca, 20 dakika/gün, 5 gün/hafta olmak üzere uygulandı. Beyin doku ve plazmada toplam nitrik oksit (NOx), malondilaldehit (MDA) ve plazmada toplam sülfidril grupları (RSH) / dokuda glutatyon (GSH) düzeyleri bakıldı.
Bulgular: RF + ELF radyasyon maruziyeti, diyabetik olan ve olmayan sıçanların plazma ve beyin dokusunda NOx ve MDA düzeylerinde artışa neden oldu (p<0,05). RF ve RF + ELF radyasyonuna maruz kalma diyabetik olmayan sıçanlarda plazmada RSH / dokuda GSH düzeylerini azalttı (p<0,05).
Sonuç: En belirgin etki, diyabetik grupta RF + ELF radyasyon maruziyeti ile görüldü.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Diyabet Beyin Plazma Radyofrekans radyasyon Çok düşük frekanslı radyasyon Oksidan stres

Kaynakça

  • IEEE Standards 2005: ANSI/IEEE C95.1-2005 - IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz.
  • ICNIRP 2010 Standards: Icnirp Guidelines For Limiting Exposure To Time‐Varying Electric And Magnetic Fields (1 Hz – 100 KHz) Published In: Health Physics, 2010; 99(6): 818‐836.
  • Electric and Magnetic Fields Associated with the Use of Electric Power. Prepared by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences National Institutes of Health; 2002.
  • D’ Andrea JA, Chou CK, Johnston SA, Adair E. Microwave effects on the nervous system. Bioelectromagnetics. 2003;6:107-147.
  • Barrett KE, Barman SM, Boitano S, Brooks HL. Ganong’un Tıbbi Fizyolojisi. In: Gökbel H, editors. Pankreasın Endokrin İşlevler ve Karbonhidrat metabolizmasının Düzenlenmesi. 23nd ed. İstanbul: Nobel Press, 2011:322-333.
  • Bosco D, Fava A., Plastino M, Montalcini T, and Pujia A. Possible implications of insulin resistance and glucose metabolism in Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 2011;15:1807–1821.
  • Moreira PI. Alzheimer’s disease and diabetes: an integrative view of the role of mitochondria, oxidative stress, and insulin. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2012;30(2):199–215.
  • Wallace DC. A mitochondrial paradigm of metabolic and degenerative diseases, aging, and cancer: a dawn for evolutionary medicine. Annu. Rev. Genet. 2005;39:359–407.
  • Zhao B, Pan BS, Shen SW, Sun X, Hou ZZ, Yan R, et al. Diabetes induced central neuritic dystrophy and cognitive deficits are associated with the formation of oligomeric reticulon-3 via oxidative stress. J. Biol. Chem. 2013;288:15590–15599.
  • Boulanger E, Dequiedt P, Wautier JL. Advanced glycosylation end products (AGE): new toxins? Nephrologie. 2002;23:351-359.
  • Jagadeeshaprasad MG, Venkatasubramani V, Unnikrishnan AG and Kulkarni MJ. Albumin Abundance and Its Glycation Status Determine Hemoglobin Glycation. ACS Omega. 2018;3:12999−13008.
  • Bergamini CM, Gambetti S, Dondi A, Cervellati C. Oxygen, reactive oxygen species and tissue damage. Curr Pharm Des. 2004;10:1611–1626.
  • Fiser B, Szori M, Jojart B, Izsak R, Csizmadia IG, Viskolcz B. Antioxidant potential of glutathione: a theoretical study. J Phys Chem B. 2011;115:11269–11277.
  • Rolo AP, Palmeira CM. Diabetes and mitochondrial function: role of hyperglycemia and oxidative stress. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2006;212(2):167–178.
  • Karabulut H, Gülay MŞ. Serbest Radikaller. MAKÜ Sag. Bil. Enst. Derg. 2016; 4(1): 50-59.
  • Yuan Q. Modification of biomolecules by lipoxidation derived aldehydes. Doctor of Philosophy. Cleveland, Ohio: Case Western Reserve University; 2006.
  • Desai N, Kesari KK, Agarwal A. Pathophysiology of cell phone radiation: Oxidative stress and carcinogenesis with focus on male reproductive system. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2009;7:1–9.
  • Abdelmelek H, Abderraba M. Effects of olive leave extract on metabolic disorders and oxidative stress induced by 2.45 GHz WIFI signals. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2013;36(3):826-834.
  • Meo SA, Alsubaie Y, Almubarak Z, Almutawa H, AlQasem Y and Hasanato RM. Association of Exposure to Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Field Radiation (RF-EMFR) Generated by Mobile Phone Base Stations with Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2015;12:14519-14528.
  • Havas M. Electromagnetic hypersensitivity: biological effects of dirty electricity with emphasis on diabetes and multiple sclerosis. Electromagn Biol Med. 2006;25(4):259-268.
  • Bocci V, Zanardi I, Huijberts MS, Travagli V. Diabetes and chronic oxidative stress. A perspective based on the possible usefulness of ozone therapy. Elsevier. 2011;5:45–49.
  • Gurbuz N, Sirav B, Kuzay D, Ozer C, Seyhan N. Does radio frequency radiation induce micronuclei frequency in exfoliated bladder cells of diabetic rats? Endocr Regul. 2015;49(3):126-30.
  • Zhou L, Wan B, Liu X, Zhang Y, Lai J, Ruan G, et al. The effects of a 50-Hz magnetic field on the cardiovascular system in rats. J Radiat Res. 2016;57(6):627-36.
  • Miranda KM, Espey MG, Wink DA. A rapid, simple spectrophotometric method for simultaneous detection of nitrate and nitrite. Nitric Oxide: Biology and Chemistry. 2001;5:62–71.
  • Gilbert DL. Fifty years of radical ideas. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000;899:1–14.
  • Kurtel H, Granger DM, Tso P, Grisham MB. Vulnerability Of Intestinal Interstitial Fluid To Oxidant Stress. Am J Physiol. 1992;263:573–578.
  • Nakamura YK, Omaye ST. Age-related changes of serum lipoprotein oxidation in rats. Life Sci. 2004;74:1265–1275.
  • Aykaç G, Uysal M, Yalçin AS, Koçak-Toker N, Sivas A, Oz H. The effects of chronic ethanol ingestion on hepatic lipid peroxide, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione transferase in rats. Toxicology. 1985;36:71–76.
  • Nurdiana S, Goh YM, Hafandi A, Dom SM, Nur Syimal'ain A, Noor Syaffinazaet NM al. Improvement of spatial learning and memory, cortical gyrification patterns and brain oxidative stress markers in diabetic rats treated with Ficus deltoidea leaf extract and vitexin. J Tradit Complement Med. 2018;8(1):190–202.
  • Shivavedi N, Kumar M, Tej GNVC, Nayak PK. Metformin and ascorbic acid combination therapy ameliorates type 2 diabetes mellitus and comorbid depression in rats. Brain Research. 2017;1674:1–9.
  • Abdel-Moneim A, Yousef AI, Abd El-Twab SM, Abdel Reheim ES, Ashour MB. Gallic acid and p-coumaric acid attenuate type 2 diabetes-induced neurodegeneration in rats. Metab Brain Dis. 2017; 32(4):1279–1286.
  • Xie Z, Wu B, Shen G, Li X, Wu Q. Curcumin Alleviates Liver Oxidative Stress İn Type 1 Diabetic Rats. Mol Med Rep. 2018;17:103-108.
  • Martínez-Sámano J, Torres-Durán PV, Juárez-Oropeza MA, Verdugo-Díaz L. Effect of Acute Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure on the Antioxidant Status and Lipid Levels in Rat Brain. Arch Med Res.. 2012;43:183-189.
  • Seyhan N. and Guler G. Review of In Vivo Static and ELF Electric Fields Studies Performed at Gazi Biophysics Department. Electromagn Biol Med. 2006;25:307–323.
  • Cho SI, Nam YS, Chu LY, et al. Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Fields Modulate Nitric Oxide Signalingin Rat Brain. Bioelectromagnetics. 2012;33:568-574.
  • Gumral N, Saygin M, Asci H, Uguz AC, Celik O, Doguc DK, et al. The Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation (2450 Mhz Wireless Devices) On The Heart And Blood Tissue: Role Of Melatonin. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2016;117 (11):665-671.
  • Gürler HS, Bilgici B, Akar Ak, Tomak L, Bedir A. Increased DNA Oxidation (8-Ohdg) And Protein Oxidation (Aopp) By Low Level Electromagnetic Field (2.45 Ghz) In Rat Brain And Protective Effect Of Garlic. Int J Radiat Biol. 2014;90(10):892–896.
  • Altun G, Kaplan S, Deniz OG, Kocacan SE, Canan S, Davis D, et al. Protective effects of melatonin and omega-3 on the hippocampus and the cerebellum of adult Wistar albino rats exposed to electromagnetic fields. J Microsc Ultrastruct. 2017;5(4):230–241.
  • Kıvrak EG, Altunkaynak BZ, Alkan I, Yurt KK, Kocaman A, and Emin M. Effects of 900-MHz radiation on the hippocampus and cerebellum of adult rats and attenuation of such effects by folic acid and Boswellia sacra. J Microsc Ultrastruct. 2017;5(4):216–224.
  • Hossmann KA, Hermann DM. Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation of Mobile Phones on the Central Nervous System. Bioelectromagnetics. 2003;24:49–62.
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Tıbbi Fizyoloji
Bölüm Özgün Araştırma / Tıp Bilimleri
Yazarlar

Dilek Kuzay 0000-0002-1460-9883

Bahriye Sirav 0000-0001-6003-6556

Çiğdem Özer 0000-0002-2705-4522

Yayımlanma Tarihi 2 Şubat 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 25 Ağustos 2020
Kabul Tarihi 18 Ocak 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Kuzay, D., Sirav, B., & Özer, Ç. (2023). Effects of RF and ELF Radiation on Oxidative Stress of Brain Tissue and Plasma of Diabetic Rats. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.30934/kusbed.784547
AMA Kuzay D, Sirav B, Özer Ç. Effects of RF and ELF Radiation on Oxidative Stress of Brain Tissue and Plasma of Diabetic Rats. KOU Sag Bil Derg. Şubat 2023;9(1):1-7. doi:10.30934/kusbed.784547
Chicago Kuzay, Dilek, Bahriye Sirav, ve Çiğdem Özer. “Effects of RF and ELF Radiation on Oxidative Stress of Brain Tissue and Plasma of Diabetic Rats”. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 9, sy. 1 (Şubat 2023): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.30934/kusbed.784547.
EndNote Kuzay D, Sirav B, Özer Ç (01 Şubat 2023) Effects of RF and ELF Radiation on Oxidative Stress of Brain Tissue and Plasma of Diabetic Rats. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 9 1 1–7.
IEEE D. Kuzay, B. Sirav, ve Ç. Özer, “Effects of RF and ELF Radiation on Oxidative Stress of Brain Tissue and Plasma of Diabetic Rats”, KOU Sag Bil Derg, c. 9, sy. 1, ss. 1–7, 2023, doi: 10.30934/kusbed.784547.
ISNAD Kuzay, Dilek vd. “Effects of RF and ELF Radiation on Oxidative Stress of Brain Tissue and Plasma of Diabetic Rats”. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 9/1 (Şubat 2023), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.30934/kusbed.784547.
JAMA Kuzay D, Sirav B, Özer Ç. Effects of RF and ELF Radiation on Oxidative Stress of Brain Tissue and Plasma of Diabetic Rats. KOU Sag Bil Derg. 2023;9:1–7.
MLA Kuzay, Dilek vd. “Effects of RF and ELF Radiation on Oxidative Stress of Brain Tissue and Plasma of Diabetic Rats”. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 9, sy. 1, 2023, ss. 1-7, doi:10.30934/kusbed.784547.
Vancouver Kuzay D, Sirav B, Özer Ç. Effects of RF and ELF Radiation on Oxidative Stress of Brain Tissue and Plasma of Diabetic Rats. KOU Sag Bil Derg. 2023;9(1):1-7.
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