Araştırma Makalesi
An Evaluation of The Effects of Online Education During The COVID-19 Pandemic on The Refraction Values of Children With Myopia
Öz
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in refraction values in children receiving online education because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and Methods: Fifty-six patients under the age of 18 who received distance education during the pandemic period, had at least 6 hours of screen exposure and were prescribed spectacles were included in the study. Visual acuity was measured with Snellen Chart. The refraction values seen by the patient were recorded and his records were scanned retrospectively. Refraction values in 2020 were compared with refraction values in 2018 and 2019. A value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: The mean age of the patients was 14.23±3.17 years. The mean refraction values of the patients in 2020 were -2.69±1.37 D in the right eye and -2.63±1.01 D in the left eye. The mean refraction values in 2019 were -2.17±1.10 D in the right eye and -2.00±1.23 D in the left eye. Mean refraction values of the patients in 2018 were -1.54±1.22 D in the right eye and -1.42±1.18 D in the left eye. The average refraction values of the patients in both eyes in 2020 were significantly higher compared to 2019, and the average refraction values in 2019 were significantly higher than in 2018 (p<0.001, p<0.001). Refraction increase during the pandemic period was similar to the previous year (right: p=0.48, left: p=0.94).
Conclusion: In our study, we found a significant increase in the mean refraction values of myopic children who receiving online education due to the pandemic and had intense screen exposure, and this increase was similar to the previous year. We think that this situation is caused by the unconscious long-term use of electronic devices such as smartphones, computers and tablets in addition to the online education during the pandemic period, the decrease in time spent outside and the long-term close work.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Junghans B, Kiely PM, Crewther DP, Crewther SG. Referral rates for a functional vision screening among a large cosmopolitan sample of Australian children. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2002;22(1):10-25.
- Cumberland PM, Peckham CS, Rahi JS. Inferring myopia over the lifecourse from uncorrected distance visual acuity in childhood. Br J Ophthalmol. 2007;91(2):151-153.
- Foster PJ, Jiang Y. Epidemiology of myopia. Eye (Lond). 2014;28(2):202-208.
- Congdon NG, Friedman DS, Lietman T. Important causes of visual impairment in the world today. JAMA. 2003;290(15):2057-2060.
- Low W, Dirani M, Gazzard G, Chan YH, Zhou HJ, Selvaraj P et al. Family history, near work, outdoor activity, and myopia in Singapore Chinese preschool children. Br J Ophthalmol. 2010;94(8):1012-1016.
- Ramamurthy D, Lin Chua SY, Saw SM. A review of environmental risk factors for myopia during early life, childhood and adolescence. Clin Exp Optom. 2015;98(6):497-506.
- Wang YP, Zhan SY, Gopinath B, Mitchell P, Wang N; Anyang Childhood Eye Study Group. Near work related parameters and myopia in Chinese children: The Anyang Childhood Eye Study. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0134514.
- Saw SM, Shankar A, Tan SB, Taylor H, Tan DT, Stone RA et al. A cohort study of incident myopia in Singaporean children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47(5):1839-1844.
- Gungor Kobat S, Gul FC. Frequency of myopia in childhood in Elazig. Annals of Medical Research 2020;27(1):207-209.
- Lai CC, Ko WC, Lee PI, Jean SS, Hsueh PR. Extra-respiratory manifestations of COVID-19. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;56(2):106024.
- Morens DM, Daszak P, Taubenberger JK. Escaping Pandora's Box-Another Novel Coronavirus. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(14):1293-1295.
- Harb E, Thorn F, Troilo D. Characteristics of accommodative behavior during sustained reading in emmetropes and myopes. Vision Res. 2006;46(16):2581-2592.
- French AN, Ashby RS, Morgan IG, Rose KA. Time outdoors and the prevention of myopia. Exp Eye Res. 2013;114(1):58-68.
- Ma MM, Shi J, Li N, Scheiman M, Chen X. Effect of vision therapy on accommodative lag in myopic children: A randomized clinical trial. Optom Vis Sci. 2019;96(1):17-26.
- Pärssinen O, Kauppinen M, Viljanen A. The progression of miyopia from its onset at age 8-12 to adulthood and the influence of heredity and external factors on miyopic progression. A 23 years follow-up study. Acta Ophthalmol. 2014;92(8):730-739.
- Hepşen İ F, Evereklioğlu C, Bayramlar H. Emetrop ortaokul öğrencilerinde yoğun okumanın miyopi oluşumuna etkisinin prospektif incelenmesi: İlk sonuçlar. Turgut Özal Tıp Dergisi 1998;5(3):148-152.
- Wong CW, Tsai A, Jonas JB, Ohno-Matsui K, Chen J, Ang M et al. Digital screen time during the covid-19 pandemic: Risk for a further myopia boom? Am J Ophthalmol. 2021;223(1):333-337.
- Sumitha M, Sanjay S, Kemmanu V, Bhanumathi MR, Shetty R. Will COVID-19 pandemic-associated lockdown increase myopia in Indian children? Indian J Ophthalmol. 2020;68(7):1496.
- Wang J, Li Y, Musch DC, Wei N, Qi X, Ding G et al. Progression of myopia in school-aged children after COVID-19 home confinement. JAMA Ophthalmol. 20211;139(3):293-300.
- VanderVeen DK, Kraker RT, Pineles SL, Hutchinson AK, Wilson LB, Galvin JA et al. Use of Orthokeratology for the Prevention of Myopic Progression in Children: A report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology. 2019;126(4):623-636.
COVID-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Online Eğitimin Miyopik Çocuklarda Refraksiyon Değerleri Üzerine Etkilerinin Değerlendirilmesi
Öz
Özet
Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı COVID-19 pandemisi nedeniyle uzaktan eğitim alan çocuklarda refraksiyon değişimlerini değerlendirmektir.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmaya pandemi döneminde uzaktan eğitim alan ve en az 6 saat ekran maruziyeti olan ve gözlük reçete edilen 18 yaş altı 56 hasta dâhil edildi. Snellen Eşeli ile görme keskinliklerine bakıldı. Hastanın tam gördüğü refraksiyon değerleri kaydedilip retrospektif olarak kayıtları tarandı. 2020 yılındaki refraksiyon değerleri 2018 ve 2019 yıllarındaki refraksiyon değerleri ile karşılaştırıldı. p<0.05 istatistiksel olarak anlamlı kabul edildi.
Bulgular: Hastaların yaş ortalaması 14.23±3.17yıl idi. Hastaların 2020 yılındaki ortalama refraksiyon değerleri sağ gözde -2.69±1.37 D, sol gözde -2.63±1.01 D idi. 2019 yılındaki ortalama refraksiyon değerleri sağ gözde -2.17±1.10 D, sol gözde -2.00±1,23 D idi. Hastaların 2018 yılındaki ortalama refraksiyon değerleri ise sağ gözde -1.54±1.22 D, sol gözde -1.42±1.18 D idi. Hastaların 2020’deki her iki göz ortalama refraksiyon değerleri 2019’a göre, 2019’daki ortalama refraksiyon değerleri ise 2018’e göre anlamlı olarak yüksekti (p<0.001, p<0.001). Pandemi dönemindeki refraksiyon artışı bir önceki yıl ile benzer orandaydı (sağ: p=0.48, sol:p=0.94).
Sonuç: Çalışmamızda pandemi nedeniyle uzaktan eğitim alan ve yoğun ekran maruziyeti olan miyop çocukların ortalama refraksiyon değerlerinde anlamlı bir artış saptadık ve bu artış bir önceki yıl ile benzer şekildeydi. Bu durumun çocuklarda pandemi dönemindeki uzaktan eğitime ek olarak olarak akıllı telefon, bilgisayar, tablet gibi elektronik cihazların bilinçsiz uzun süreli kullanımından, dışarıda geçirilen zamanın azalmasından ve uzun süreli yakın çalışmadan kaynaklandığını düşünmekteyiz.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Junghans B, Kiely PM, Crewther DP, Crewther SG. Referral rates for a functional vision screening among a large cosmopolitan sample of Australian children. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2002;22(1):10-25.
- Cumberland PM, Peckham CS, Rahi JS. Inferring myopia over the lifecourse from uncorrected distance visual acuity in childhood. Br J Ophthalmol. 2007;91(2):151-153.
- Foster PJ, Jiang Y. Epidemiology of myopia. Eye (Lond). 2014;28(2):202-208.
- Congdon NG, Friedman DS, Lietman T. Important causes of visual impairment in the world today. JAMA. 2003;290(15):2057-2060.
- Low W, Dirani M, Gazzard G, Chan YH, Zhou HJ, Selvaraj P et al. Family history, near work, outdoor activity, and myopia in Singapore Chinese preschool children. Br J Ophthalmol. 2010;94(8):1012-1016.
- Ramamurthy D, Lin Chua SY, Saw SM. A review of environmental risk factors for myopia during early life, childhood and adolescence. Clin Exp Optom. 2015;98(6):497-506.
- Wang YP, Zhan SY, Gopinath B, Mitchell P, Wang N; Anyang Childhood Eye Study Group. Near work related parameters and myopia in Chinese children: The Anyang Childhood Eye Study. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0134514.
- Saw SM, Shankar A, Tan SB, Taylor H, Tan DT, Stone RA et al. A cohort study of incident myopia in Singaporean children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47(5):1839-1844.
- Gungor Kobat S, Gul FC. Frequency of myopia in childhood in Elazig. Annals of Medical Research 2020;27(1):207-209.
- Lai CC, Ko WC, Lee PI, Jean SS, Hsueh PR. Extra-respiratory manifestations of COVID-19. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;56(2):106024.
- Morens DM, Daszak P, Taubenberger JK. Escaping Pandora's Box-Another Novel Coronavirus. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(14):1293-1295.
- Harb E, Thorn F, Troilo D. Characteristics of accommodative behavior during sustained reading in emmetropes and myopes. Vision Res. 2006;46(16):2581-2592.
- French AN, Ashby RS, Morgan IG, Rose KA. Time outdoors and the prevention of myopia. Exp Eye Res. 2013;114(1):58-68.
- Ma MM, Shi J, Li N, Scheiman M, Chen X. Effect of vision therapy on accommodative lag in myopic children: A randomized clinical trial. Optom Vis Sci. 2019;96(1):17-26.
- Pärssinen O, Kauppinen M, Viljanen A. The progression of miyopia from its onset at age 8-12 to adulthood and the influence of heredity and external factors on miyopic progression. A 23 years follow-up study. Acta Ophthalmol. 2014;92(8):730-739.
- Hepşen İ F, Evereklioğlu C, Bayramlar H. Emetrop ortaokul öğrencilerinde yoğun okumanın miyopi oluşumuna etkisinin prospektif incelenmesi: İlk sonuçlar. Turgut Özal Tıp Dergisi 1998;5(3):148-152.
- Wong CW, Tsai A, Jonas JB, Ohno-Matsui K, Chen J, Ang M et al. Digital screen time during the covid-19 pandemic: Risk for a further myopia boom? Am J Ophthalmol. 2021;223(1):333-337.
- Sumitha M, Sanjay S, Kemmanu V, Bhanumathi MR, Shetty R. Will COVID-19 pandemic-associated lockdown increase myopia in Indian children? Indian J Ophthalmol. 2020;68(7):1496.
- Wang J, Li Y, Musch DC, Wei N, Qi X, Ding G et al. Progression of myopia in school-aged children after COVID-19 home confinement. JAMA Ophthalmol. 20211;139(3):293-300.
- VanderVeen DK, Kraker RT, Pineles SL, Hutchinson AK, Wilson LB, Galvin JA et al. Use of Orthokeratology for the Prevention of Myopic Progression in Children: A report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology. 2019;126(4):623-636.
Toplam 20 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 1 Kasım 2022 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 2 Kasım 2022 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 26 Temmuz 2021 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 8 Eylül 2021 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2022 Cilt: 17 Sayı: 3 |
