Evaluation of Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Trawl Infringements Committed by Turkish Fishing Vessels
Öz
This study analyses a highly damaging and prevalent fishing practice of trawl infringements, which is one of the crucial components of IUU fishing in Turkish waters. The raw data gathered from the Turkish Coast Guard Command (TURCG), covered 2012 – 2014 period. Data covered a total of 1040 trawl infringements, with considerable differences in trawling violations among the seas surrounding Türkiye; the Black Sea, the Sea of Marmara, the Aegean Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea. With respect to trawling infringements, the Sea of Marmara (37%) and Istanbul Strait (15%) were the hot points. The most common infringement type was trawling in a closed area (43%) and when combined with the rate of infringements on trawling during the closed season (10%), these violations accounted for 53% of spatio-temporal infringements. Regarding illegal trawling by vessel type, trawl vessels had a 44% share and non-trawlers had a share of 56%, of which included infringements by other type of fishing vessels (46%) and non-fishing vessels (10%). It was also found that infringement by vessels smaller than 12 meters in length had a share of 46%. These vessels (known as "şebeke" in Turkish), trawl illegally using small types of nets and gears in coastal waters without giving any obvious indication of fishing activity. The results of this study will be useful to policy-makers, practitioners and scientists to successfully combat trawling infringements by providing information on distribution, intensity and methods of trawl violations.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Trawl fishery Turkish Waters İllegal fishing Trawl violation
Proje Numarası
-
Kaynakça
- Anonymous. (1971). Fisheries Law No. 1380. Official Gazette, Date: 04.04.1971 No: 13799 (in Turkish). Access date: 15.08.2023. https: // www. resmigazete. gov. tr / arsiv/13799.pdf.
- Anonymous. (1995). Fisheries Regulation No. 22223. Official Gazette, Date: 22223, (1995) (in Turkish). Access date: 15.08.2023. https :// www. resmigazete. gov.tr/arsiv/22223.pdf.
- Anonymous. (2012). Communiqué 2012/65 no 3/1 commercial fishing. Official Gazette (in Turkish). Access date: 15.08.2023. https://www. resmigazete.gov.tr / eskiler / 2012 /08 / 20120818 - 18. doc.
- Anonymous. (2014). 10th Development Plan of Ministry of Development of Türkiye (2014-2018). Access date: 15.08.2023. Competitive production at food and agriculture specialization commissioned report..https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp- content/uploads/ 2018/10/10_SuUrunleri1.pdf
- Anonymous. (2018). 11th Development Plan of Ministry of Development of Türkiye (2019- 2023) Competitive production at food and agriculture specialization commissioned report. Access date: 15.08.2023. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wpcontent/uploads/ 2020/04/ Tarim_ve_Gidada Rekabetci Uretim Ozel Ihtisas Komisyonu Raporu.pdf.
- Ayaz, A., & Mazlum, R.E. (2019). Investigation of Fisheries Violations in the Eastern Black Sea (Giresun-Artvin) between 2009 and 2014. Journal of Anatolian Environment and Animal Science, 4 (3) 293-301 (in Turkish). https://doi: 10.35229/jaes.542987.
- EU. (2017). Strengthening Fisheries Governance in the Mediterranean. Malta MEDFISH4EVER Declaration. European Union. Access date: 15.08.2023. https://ec.europa.eu/information_society/newsroom/image/document/2017-17/ec-medfish4ever_ declaration_ 127EBE71 - C8F2-262C - D21E41DF99099E65 _ 44383.pdf
- FAO. (2001). International plan of action to prevent, deter and eliminate ıllegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Access: 15.08.2023. https: //www.agriculture.gov.au/sites/default/files/sitecollectiondocuments/fisheries/iuu/ipoa.pdf.
- FAO. (2022). The State of Mediterranean and Black Sea Fisheries 2022. General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean. Access date: 15.08.2023. doi: 10.4060/cc3370en
- Gallic, B., & Cox, A. (2006). An economic analysis of ıllegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing: Key drivers and possible solutions. Marine Policy, (6) 689-695. doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2005.09.08.
- GDFA. (2022) Fisheries Statistics. Ministry of Food and Agriculture. [In Turkish] 2022. Access date: 15.08.2023. https://arastirma.tarimorman.gov.tr/tepge/ Belgeler/PDF%20%C3 C3%BCn %20Raporlar %C4 %B1/2022 %20 %C3%9Cr %C3%BCn %20Raporlar %C4 %B1/Su %20%C3 %9Cr %C3%BCnleri %20%C3 %9Cr %C3 %BCn%20Raporu-TEPGE-355.pdf.)
- GFCM. (2017). Recommendation GFCM/41/2017/7 on a regional plan of action to combat illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing in the GFCM area of application, Access date: 15.08.2023. https://faolex. fao. org/ docs /pdf/mul175213.pdf.
- GFCM. (2018). GFCM-DCRF Data collection reference framework. https://www.fao. org/ fileadmin / user_ upload/ faoweb/ GFCM / GFCM – DCRF –October 2015.pdf
- Göktürk, D., & Deniz, T. (2017). Illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing in Türkiye: Effects on marine ecosystem and sustainable fisheries. Research on Science and Art in 21st Century Türkiye. 2 (293) 2629-2638.
- Hosch, G. (2016). Trade measures to combat IUU fishing: Comparative analysis of unilateral and multilateral approaches. Geneva: International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD), (p. 83, ICSTD press).
- Macfadyen, G., Hosch, G., Kaysser. N., & Tagziria, L. (2019). The IUU Fishing Index 2019. Poseidon Aquatic Resource Management Limited and the Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime. Access date: 15.08.2023. https://globalinitiative.net/analysis/iuu-fishing-index.
- Moutopoulos, D.K., Prodromitis, G., Mantzouni, I., & Koutsikopoulos, C. (2016). Quantifying the implementation of Common Fisheries Policy: Pattern of fisheries infringements and penalties imposed in Greek Waters. Marine Policy, (70) 65–76. doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2016.04.036
- Öztürk, B. (2013). Some Remarks of Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing in Turkish Part of the Black Sea, Journal of Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment. 19 (2) 256-267.
- Phelps Bondaroff, T.N., Reitano, T., & van der Werf, W. (2015). The Illegal Fishing and Organized Crime Nexus: Illegal Fishing as Transnational Organized Crime. The Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime and The Black Fish. Access date: 15.08.2023. https://globalinitiative. net / wp-content / uploads / 2015 / 04 / the- illegal- fishing- and- organized- crime- nexus-1.pdf.
- Pipitone, C., Badalamenti, F., D’Anna, G., & Patti, B. (2000). Fish biomass increase after a four-year trawl ban in the Gulf of Castellammare (NW Sicily, Mediterranean Sea). Fisheries Research. (48) 23–30. doi: 10.1016/S0165-7836(00) 00114-4.
- Polacheck, T. (2012). Assessment of IUU fishing for Southern Bluefin Tuna. Marine Policy, 36, 1150–1165. doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2012.02.019.
- Raicevich, S., Alegret, J.-L., Frangoudes, K., Giovanardi, O., Fortibuoni, T. (2018) Community-based management of the Mediterranean coastal fisheries: Historical reminiscence or the root for new fisheries governance?. Regional Studies in Marine Science. May 2018, Volume 21, pp 86-93.
- Russo, T., Parisi, A., Garofalo, G., Gristina, M., Cataudella, S., & Fiorentino, F. (2014). smart: a spatially explicit bio-economic model for assessing and managing demersal fisheries, with an application to Italian trawlers in the Strait of Sicily. PLoS One 9:e86222. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone. 0086222
- Sumaila, U.R. Alder, J., & Keith, H. (2006). Global scope and economics of illegal fishing. Marine Policy, (30) 696–703.
- Tanış, Y. (2013). Investigation of Fisheries Violations in the Black Sea between 2008 and 2012 Fishing Season. Master’s Thesis (Thesis number: 343191). Instute of Science of the Sinop University. Sinop, 54 pp (in Turkish with English abstract).
- TURKSTAT. (2020). Turkish Statistical Institute. Fisheries Statistics (in Turkish). Access date: 15.08.2023. FFhttps://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=tarim-111&dil=1.
- Ünal, V., & Göncüoğlu-Bodur, H. (2018). Fisheries buyback programs in Türkiye: Overall results of five-year experiences. GFCM Fish Forum, 10-14 December 2018, FAO, Rome, Italy.
- Ünal, V., & Kızılkaya, Z. (2019). A long and participatory process towards successful fishery management of Gökova Bay, Türkiye. From catastrophe to recovery: Stories of fishery management success. in Krueger, C., C., Taylor, W., W., & So Jung Youn, S., J., (Eds,), American Fisheries Society (pp. 509-532).
- Yağcılar, İ. (2009). The Analysis of Fishery Violations Regarding with Fisheries Regulations along the Coasts of the Mediterranean of the Türkiye. (MSc Dissertation), Institute of Science of the Ege University, İzmir, Turkey.
- Yılmaz, S., Bilgin, E.E., & Olguner, M.T. (2017). Evaluation of the fishing vessel buyback program implemented in Türkiye during EU accession process. Journal of Aquaculture Engineering and Fisheries Research. 3 (2) 58-64. doi:10.3153/JAEFR17008.
Türk Balıkçı Gemileri Tarafından İşlenen Yasa Dışı, Kayıt Dışı, Kural Dışı (YKK) Trol İhlallerinin Değerlendirilmesi
Öz
Bu çalışma, Türkiye Denizlerinde YKK (Yasa Dışı, Kayıt Dışı, Kural Dışı) balıkçılığın en zararlı ve yaygın bileşenlerinden biri olan trol ihlallerini analiz etmektedir. Çalışmaya ait ham veriler, Sahil Güvenlik Komutanlığı'ndan 2012-2014 döneminde temin edilmiştir. Toplam 1040 trol ihlaline ait veriler incelendiğinde, Türkiye'yi çevreleyen Karadeniz, Marmara Denizi, Ege Denizi ve Akdeniz arasında trol ihlalleri bakımından dikkate değer farklılıklar olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Trol ihlalleri bakımından Marmara Denizi (%37) ve İstanbul Boğazı (%15) kendi ölçeklerinde en sıcak noktalar olarak bulunmuştur. En yaygın ihlal türü %43 ile yasak sahada trol çekmek olup, yasak zamanda trol çekme ihlalleri ilave edildiğinde zamansal-mekansal ihlallerin %53’e ulaştığı gözlemlenmiştir. Yasadışı trol avcılığı gemi türü bakımından incelendiğinde ise trol gemileri %44'lük bir paya sahipken, diğer balıkçı gemileri (%46) ve balıkçılık ruhsatına sahip olmayan gemilerin (% 10) oluşturduğu trol ruhsatına sahip olmayan gemiler %56 paya sahip olmuştur. Ayrıca boyu 12 metreden küçük olan gemilerin ihlaller içinde % 46 gibi önemli bir paya sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu gemiler (Türkçede "şebeke" olarak adlandırılmaktadır), dışarıya hiçbir emare vermeden küçük boyuttaki ağlar ve takımlarla kıyı sularında gizlice trol çekebilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları, trol ihlallerinin dağılımı, yoğunluğu ve metotları hakkında bilgi vererek, trol ihlalleriyle etkin mücadele kapsamında uygulayıcılara, politika yapıcılara ve bilim insanlarına faydalı olacaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Trol balıkçılığı Türk Denizleri Yasadışı avcılık Trol ihlalleri
Destekleyen Kurum
-
Proje Numarası
-
Teşekkür
Sahil Güvenlik Komutanlığı
Kaynakça
- Anonymous. (1971). Fisheries Law No. 1380. Official Gazette, Date: 04.04.1971 No: 13799 (in Turkish). Access date: 15.08.2023. https: // www. resmigazete. gov. tr / arsiv/13799.pdf.
- Anonymous. (1995). Fisheries Regulation No. 22223. Official Gazette, Date: 22223, (1995) (in Turkish). Access date: 15.08.2023. https :// www. resmigazete. gov.tr/arsiv/22223.pdf.
- Anonymous. (2012). Communiqué 2012/65 no 3/1 commercial fishing. Official Gazette (in Turkish). Access date: 15.08.2023. https://www. resmigazete.gov.tr / eskiler / 2012 /08 / 20120818 - 18. doc.
- Anonymous. (2014). 10th Development Plan of Ministry of Development of Türkiye (2014-2018). Access date: 15.08.2023. Competitive production at food and agriculture specialization commissioned report..https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp- content/uploads/ 2018/10/10_SuUrunleri1.pdf
- Anonymous. (2018). 11th Development Plan of Ministry of Development of Türkiye (2019- 2023) Competitive production at food and agriculture specialization commissioned report. Access date: 15.08.2023. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wpcontent/uploads/ 2020/04/ Tarim_ve_Gidada Rekabetci Uretim Ozel Ihtisas Komisyonu Raporu.pdf.
- Ayaz, A., & Mazlum, R.E. (2019). Investigation of Fisheries Violations in the Eastern Black Sea (Giresun-Artvin) between 2009 and 2014. Journal of Anatolian Environment and Animal Science, 4 (3) 293-301 (in Turkish). https://doi: 10.35229/jaes.542987.
- EU. (2017). Strengthening Fisheries Governance in the Mediterranean. Malta MEDFISH4EVER Declaration. European Union. Access date: 15.08.2023. https://ec.europa.eu/information_society/newsroom/image/document/2017-17/ec-medfish4ever_ declaration_ 127EBE71 - C8F2-262C - D21E41DF99099E65 _ 44383.pdf
- FAO. (2001). International plan of action to prevent, deter and eliminate ıllegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Access: 15.08.2023. https: //www.agriculture.gov.au/sites/default/files/sitecollectiondocuments/fisheries/iuu/ipoa.pdf.
- FAO. (2022). The State of Mediterranean and Black Sea Fisheries 2022. General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean. Access date: 15.08.2023. doi: 10.4060/cc3370en
- Gallic, B., & Cox, A. (2006). An economic analysis of ıllegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing: Key drivers and possible solutions. Marine Policy, (6) 689-695. doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2005.09.08.
- GDFA. (2022) Fisheries Statistics. Ministry of Food and Agriculture. [In Turkish] 2022. Access date: 15.08.2023. https://arastirma.tarimorman.gov.tr/tepge/ Belgeler/PDF%20%C3 C3%BCn %20Raporlar %C4 %B1/2022 %20 %C3%9Cr %C3%BCn %20Raporlar %C4 %B1/Su %20%C3 %9Cr %C3%BCnleri %20%C3 %9Cr %C3 %BCn%20Raporu-TEPGE-355.pdf.)
- GFCM. (2017). Recommendation GFCM/41/2017/7 on a regional plan of action to combat illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing in the GFCM area of application, Access date: 15.08.2023. https://faolex. fao. org/ docs /pdf/mul175213.pdf.
- GFCM. (2018). GFCM-DCRF Data collection reference framework. https://www.fao. org/ fileadmin / user_ upload/ faoweb/ GFCM / GFCM – DCRF –October 2015.pdf
- Göktürk, D., & Deniz, T. (2017). Illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing in Türkiye: Effects on marine ecosystem and sustainable fisheries. Research on Science and Art in 21st Century Türkiye. 2 (293) 2629-2638.
- Hosch, G. (2016). Trade measures to combat IUU fishing: Comparative analysis of unilateral and multilateral approaches. Geneva: International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD), (p. 83, ICSTD press).
- Macfadyen, G., Hosch, G., Kaysser. N., & Tagziria, L. (2019). The IUU Fishing Index 2019. Poseidon Aquatic Resource Management Limited and the Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime. Access date: 15.08.2023. https://globalinitiative.net/analysis/iuu-fishing-index.
- Moutopoulos, D.K., Prodromitis, G., Mantzouni, I., & Koutsikopoulos, C. (2016). Quantifying the implementation of Common Fisheries Policy: Pattern of fisheries infringements and penalties imposed in Greek Waters. Marine Policy, (70) 65–76. doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2016.04.036
- Öztürk, B. (2013). Some Remarks of Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing in Turkish Part of the Black Sea, Journal of Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment. 19 (2) 256-267.
- Phelps Bondaroff, T.N., Reitano, T., & van der Werf, W. (2015). The Illegal Fishing and Organized Crime Nexus: Illegal Fishing as Transnational Organized Crime. The Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime and The Black Fish. Access date: 15.08.2023. https://globalinitiative. net / wp-content / uploads / 2015 / 04 / the- illegal- fishing- and- organized- crime- nexus-1.pdf.
- Pipitone, C., Badalamenti, F., D’Anna, G., & Patti, B. (2000). Fish biomass increase after a four-year trawl ban in the Gulf of Castellammare (NW Sicily, Mediterranean Sea). Fisheries Research. (48) 23–30. doi: 10.1016/S0165-7836(00) 00114-4.
- Polacheck, T. (2012). Assessment of IUU fishing for Southern Bluefin Tuna. Marine Policy, 36, 1150–1165. doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2012.02.019.
- Raicevich, S., Alegret, J.-L., Frangoudes, K., Giovanardi, O., Fortibuoni, T. (2018) Community-based management of the Mediterranean coastal fisheries: Historical reminiscence or the root for new fisheries governance?. Regional Studies in Marine Science. May 2018, Volume 21, pp 86-93.
- Russo, T., Parisi, A., Garofalo, G., Gristina, M., Cataudella, S., & Fiorentino, F. (2014). smart: a spatially explicit bio-economic model for assessing and managing demersal fisheries, with an application to Italian trawlers in the Strait of Sicily. PLoS One 9:e86222. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone. 0086222
- Sumaila, U.R. Alder, J., & Keith, H. (2006). Global scope and economics of illegal fishing. Marine Policy, (30) 696–703.
- Tanış, Y. (2013). Investigation of Fisheries Violations in the Black Sea between 2008 and 2012 Fishing Season. Master’s Thesis (Thesis number: 343191). Instute of Science of the Sinop University. Sinop, 54 pp (in Turkish with English abstract).
- TURKSTAT. (2020). Turkish Statistical Institute. Fisheries Statistics (in Turkish). Access date: 15.08.2023. FFhttps://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=tarim-111&dil=1.
- Ünal, V., & Göncüoğlu-Bodur, H. (2018). Fisheries buyback programs in Türkiye: Overall results of five-year experiences. GFCM Fish Forum, 10-14 December 2018, FAO, Rome, Italy.
- Ünal, V., & Kızılkaya, Z. (2019). A long and participatory process towards successful fishery management of Gökova Bay, Türkiye. From catastrophe to recovery: Stories of fishery management success. in Krueger, C., C., Taylor, W., W., & So Jung Youn, S., J., (Eds,), American Fisheries Society (pp. 509-532).
- Yağcılar, İ. (2009). The Analysis of Fishery Violations Regarding with Fisheries Regulations along the Coasts of the Mediterranean of the Türkiye. (MSc Dissertation), Institute of Science of the Ege University, İzmir, Turkey.
- Yılmaz, S., Bilgin, E.E., & Olguner, M.T. (2017). Evaluation of the fishing vessel buyback program implemented in Türkiye during EU accession process. Journal of Aquaculture Engineering and Fisheries Research. 3 (2) 58-64. doi:10.3153/JAEFR17008.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Balıkçılık Yönetimi |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Proje Numarası | - |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 27 Aralık 2023 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 27 Aralık 2023 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 19 Ağustos 2023 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2 |
