Araştırma Makalesi
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Down Sendromunun Kavramsal Metaforların Zihinde İşlemlenme Sürecine Etkisi

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 37, 11 - 23, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.26650/jol.2021.986791

Öz

Down sendromlu çocuklar sağlıklı akranlarıyla aynı dönemde ilk sözcüklerini üretmeye başlarlar ve kelime dağarcıkları da buna bağlı olarak gelişim gösterir fakat Down sendromlu çocuklarda ilerleyen dönemlerde soyut içerikli ifadeleri anlama sorunları ortaya çıkmaya başlar ve bu durum insan iletişim sisteminin önemli bir parçası olan imgesel dilin büyük bir alanını kapsayan metaforların zihinde işlemlenmesi sürecini ciddi şekilde etkilemektedir. Bu çalışmada kavramsal metaforların zihinde işlemlenmesi süreci, Down sendromu özelinde ele alınmıştır. Çalışmamızın araştırma desenini nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden durum çalışması oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmamızda metaforların zihinde işlemlenmesi sürecinin Down sendromu koşulları altındaki oluşumunun derinlemesine incelenip betimlenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışmada veri toplama aracı olarak kavramsal metaforların zihinde işlemlenme biçimini incelemek üzere yapılandırılmış sorulardan faydalanılmıştır. Uygulamalarda elde edilen veriler betimsel analiz yoluyla çözümlenerek yorumlanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda Down sendromunun, metaforların zihinde işlemlenmesi sürecine olumsuz yönde etki ettiği, yeni metaforların Down sendromu sebebiyle daha zor algılandığı ve bu metaforları içeren uygulamalarda Down sendromlu bireylerin daha fazla hata yaptıkları, kalıplaşmış metaforlarla yapılan uygulamalarda daha başarılı oldukları, aynı kavramsal arka plana sahip metaforlarda kalıplaşmış olanlar ile yeni üretilenler ve düz anlamlı olanlar ile bozuk yapılı metaforları birbirlerine zıt olacak şekilde hatalı işlemledikleri ve özellikle yönelim metaforlarının işlemlenme sürecinde de ciddi sorunlar yaşandığı tespit edilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Aksan, D. (2015). Her yönüyle dil ana çizgileriyle dilbilim. Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları.
  • Arıca Akkök, E. (2008). Yabancı dilde imgesel anlamlı dil öğelerinin öğretimi. (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Bambini, V., Gentili, C., Ricciardi, E., Bertinetto, P. M., & Pietrini, P. (2011). Decomposing metaphor processing at the cognitive and neural level through functional magnetic resonance imaging. Brain Research Bulletin, 86, 203-216.
  • Bilgegil, K. M. (1989). Edebîyat bilgi ve kuramları-belagat. İstanbul: Enderun Kitabevi.
  • Bonnaud, V., Gil, R., & Ingrand, P. (2002). Metaphorical and non-metaphorical links: A behavioral and ERP studyin young and elderly adults. Neurophysiologie clinique, 32, 258-268.
  • Brock, J., & Jarrold, C. (2005). Serial order reconstruction in Down syndrome: Evidence for a selective deficit in verbal short-term memory. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(3), 304–316.
  • Cardosa-Martins, C., Mervis, C. B., & Mervis, C. A. (1985). Early vocabulary acquisition by children with Down syndrome. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 90, 177–184.
  • Chapman, R. S., Schwartz, E., & Bird, E. K. (1991). Language-skills of children and adolescents with Downsyndrome: 1. Comprehension. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 34, 1106–1120.
  • Chapman, R. S., & Bird, E. K. (2011). Language development in childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood in persons with Down syndrome. In J. A. Burack, R. M. Hodapp, G. Iarocci, E. Zigler (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of intellectual disability and development (2nd ed., pp. 167-183). Toronto, Canada: Oxford University Press.
  • Chouinard, B. & Cummine, J. (2016). All the world’s a stage: Evaluation of two stages of metaphor comprehension in people with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 23, 107-121.
  • Cleave, P., Bird, E. K., Czutrin, R. & Smith, L. (2012). A longitudinal study of narrative development in children and adolescents with Down syndrome. Intellectual and developmental disabilities, 50(4), 332-342.
  • Çalışkan, N. (2009). Kavramsal anahtar modeliyle iki dilli çocuklara metafor ve deyim öğretimi. (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Desai, S. (1997). Down syndrome: a review of the literature. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology, 84(3), 279-285.
  • Dykens, E. M., Hodapp, R. M. & Evans, D. W. (1994). Profiles and development of adaptive behaviour in children with Down syndrome. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 98, 580-587.
  • Forgacs, B., Lukacs, A. & Pleh, C. (2014). Lateralized processing of novel metaphors: Disentangling figurativeness and novelty. Neuropsychologia, 56, 101-109.
  • Gibson, D. (1978). Down’s syndrome: The psychology of mongolism. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Glenn, S. & Cunningham, C. (2005). Performance of young people with Down syndrome on the Leiter-R and British picture vocabulary scales. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49, 239– 244.
  • Goldstein, A., Arzouan, Y. & Faust, M. (2012). Killing a novel metaphor and reviving a dead one: ERP correlates of metaphor conventionalization. Brain & Language, 123, 137-142.
  • Grauwe, S. D., Swain, A., Holcomb, P. J., Ditman, T. & Kuperberg, G. R. (2010). Electrophysiological insights into the processing of nominal metaphors. Neuropsychologia, 48, 137-142.
  • Güleryüz Adamhasan, B. (2014). Teaching and learning phrasal verbs through conceptual metaphors. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Adana.
  • Hessling, A. & Brimo, D. M. (2019). Spoken fictional narrative and literacy skills of children with Down syndrome. Journal of Communication Disorders, 79, 76-89. Holmes, G. (2014). Gastrointestinal disorders in Down syndrome. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench, 7(1), 6-8.
  • İnce, Ö. (2002). Yazınsal söylem üzerine. İstanbul: İş Bankası Yayınları. Karamehmet, B. (2012). Kuramsal iletişimde metafor. İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım.
  • Kövecses, Z. (2010). Metaphor. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. (2015). Metaforlar hayat, anlam ve dil. (Çev. G. Y. Demir). İstanbul: İthaki Yayınları. (Orijinal yayın tarihi, 1980).
  • Laws, G. & Bishop, D. V. M. (2003). A comparison of language abilities in adolescents with Down syndrome and children with specific language impairment. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 46(6), 1324–1339.
  • Lee, N. R., Pennington, B. F. & Keenan, J. M. (2010). Verbal short-term memory deficits in Down syndrome: phonological, semantic, or both? J Neurodevelop Disord, 2, 9-25.
  • Martin, G. E., Klusek, J., Estigarribia, B. & Roberts, J. E. (2009). Language characteristics of individuals with Down syndrome. Topics in Language Disorders, 29, 112–132.
  • Nash, H. M. & Snowling, M. J. (2008). Semantic and phonological fluency in children with Down syndrome: atypical organization of language or less efficient retrieval strategies? Cognitive neuropsychology, 25(5), 690-703.
  • Papagno, C. & Vallar, G. (2001). Understanding metaphors and idioms: a single case neuropsychological study in a person with Down syndrome. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 7, 516-528.
  • Roch, M., Florit, E. & Levorato, C. (2013). The role of linguistic context in deriving word meanings in individuals with Down syndrome. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34, 605-615.
  • Rondal, J. A. (1988). Down’s syndrome. D. Bishop & K. Mogford (Ed.), Language development in exceptional circumstances içinde (165-176. ss.). Londra: Churchill Livingstone.
  • Schmidt, L.G. & Seger, C.A. (2009). Neural correlates of metaphor processing: The roles of figurativeness, familiarity and difficulty. Brain and Cognition, 71, 375-386.
  • Shnitzer-Meirovich, S., Lifshitz, H. & Mashal, N. (2018). Enhancing the comprehension of visual metaphors in individuals with intellectual disability with or without down syndrome. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 74, 113-123.
  • Smith, E. & Jarrold, C. (2014). Grouping, semantic relation and imagery effects in individuals with Down syndrome. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35, 3162-3174.
  • Stefanini, S., Caselli, M. C. & Volterra, V. (2007). Spoken and gestural production in a naming task by young children with Down syndrome. Brain and Language, 101, 208-221.
  • Tabossi, P. & Zardon, F. (1995). The activation of idiomatic meaning. M. Everaert, E. Linden, A. Schenk, R. Schreuder (Ed.) Idioms: Structural and Psychological Perspectives içinde (273-282. ss.). Hove: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Tartter, V. C., Gomes, H., Dubrovsky, B., Molholm, S. & Stewart, R. V. (2002). Novel metaphors appear anomalous at least momentarily: Evidence from N400. Brain and Language, 80, 488-509.
  • Winner, E. & Gardner, H. (1977). The comprehension of metaphor in brain damaged patients. Brain, 100, 717-729.
  • Yang, F. G., Bradley, K., Huq, M., Wu, D. & Krawczyk, D. C. (2013). Contextual effects on conceptual blending in metaphors: An event-related potential study. Journal of Linguistic, 26, 312-326.

The Impact of Down Syndrome on the Mental Processing of Conceptual Metaphors

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 37, 11 - 23, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.26650/jol.2021.986791

Öz

Children with Down (DS) begin to produce their first words and develop vocabulary at the same time as their healthy peers. However, over the course of time, children with DS begin to experience problems with understanding abstract expressions, which affects their mental processing of metaphors that play an important role in human communication. In this paper, we conducted a qualitative case study to examine and describe how individuals with DS process metaphors. Specifically, we administered a series of structured questions to an individual with DS and used descriptive analysis for the responses. We determined through the research that DS has a negative effect on processing metaphors and that individuals with DS experience more difficulty perceiving and using new metaphors than they do formulaic ones. We also detected an inverse correlation between the incorrect usage of formulaic and new metaphors and literal and malformed metaphors in individuals with DS and observed that the biggest difficulties occur in processing orientational metaphors.

Kaynakça

  • Aksan, D. (2015). Her yönüyle dil ana çizgileriyle dilbilim. Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları.
  • Arıca Akkök, E. (2008). Yabancı dilde imgesel anlamlı dil öğelerinin öğretimi. (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Bambini, V., Gentili, C., Ricciardi, E., Bertinetto, P. M., & Pietrini, P. (2011). Decomposing metaphor processing at the cognitive and neural level through functional magnetic resonance imaging. Brain Research Bulletin, 86, 203-216.
  • Bilgegil, K. M. (1989). Edebîyat bilgi ve kuramları-belagat. İstanbul: Enderun Kitabevi.
  • Bonnaud, V., Gil, R., & Ingrand, P. (2002). Metaphorical and non-metaphorical links: A behavioral and ERP studyin young and elderly adults. Neurophysiologie clinique, 32, 258-268.
  • Brock, J., & Jarrold, C. (2005). Serial order reconstruction in Down syndrome: Evidence for a selective deficit in verbal short-term memory. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(3), 304–316.
  • Cardosa-Martins, C., Mervis, C. B., & Mervis, C. A. (1985). Early vocabulary acquisition by children with Down syndrome. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 90, 177–184.
  • Chapman, R. S., Schwartz, E., & Bird, E. K. (1991). Language-skills of children and adolescents with Downsyndrome: 1. Comprehension. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 34, 1106–1120.
  • Chapman, R. S., & Bird, E. K. (2011). Language development in childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood in persons with Down syndrome. In J. A. Burack, R. M. Hodapp, G. Iarocci, E. Zigler (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of intellectual disability and development (2nd ed., pp. 167-183). Toronto, Canada: Oxford University Press.
  • Chouinard, B. & Cummine, J. (2016). All the world’s a stage: Evaluation of two stages of metaphor comprehension in people with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 23, 107-121.
  • Cleave, P., Bird, E. K., Czutrin, R. & Smith, L. (2012). A longitudinal study of narrative development in children and adolescents with Down syndrome. Intellectual and developmental disabilities, 50(4), 332-342.
  • Çalışkan, N. (2009). Kavramsal anahtar modeliyle iki dilli çocuklara metafor ve deyim öğretimi. (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Desai, S. (1997). Down syndrome: a review of the literature. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology, 84(3), 279-285.
  • Dykens, E. M., Hodapp, R. M. & Evans, D. W. (1994). Profiles and development of adaptive behaviour in children with Down syndrome. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 98, 580-587.
  • Forgacs, B., Lukacs, A. & Pleh, C. (2014). Lateralized processing of novel metaphors: Disentangling figurativeness and novelty. Neuropsychologia, 56, 101-109.
  • Gibson, D. (1978). Down’s syndrome: The psychology of mongolism. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Glenn, S. & Cunningham, C. (2005). Performance of young people with Down syndrome on the Leiter-R and British picture vocabulary scales. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49, 239– 244.
  • Goldstein, A., Arzouan, Y. & Faust, M. (2012). Killing a novel metaphor and reviving a dead one: ERP correlates of metaphor conventionalization. Brain & Language, 123, 137-142.
  • Grauwe, S. D., Swain, A., Holcomb, P. J., Ditman, T. & Kuperberg, G. R. (2010). Electrophysiological insights into the processing of nominal metaphors. Neuropsychologia, 48, 137-142.
  • Güleryüz Adamhasan, B. (2014). Teaching and learning phrasal verbs through conceptual metaphors. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Adana.
  • Hessling, A. & Brimo, D. M. (2019). Spoken fictional narrative and literacy skills of children with Down syndrome. Journal of Communication Disorders, 79, 76-89. Holmes, G. (2014). Gastrointestinal disorders in Down syndrome. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench, 7(1), 6-8.
  • İnce, Ö. (2002). Yazınsal söylem üzerine. İstanbul: İş Bankası Yayınları. Karamehmet, B. (2012). Kuramsal iletişimde metafor. İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım.
  • Kövecses, Z. (2010). Metaphor. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. (2015). Metaforlar hayat, anlam ve dil. (Çev. G. Y. Demir). İstanbul: İthaki Yayınları. (Orijinal yayın tarihi, 1980).
  • Laws, G. & Bishop, D. V. M. (2003). A comparison of language abilities in adolescents with Down syndrome and children with specific language impairment. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 46(6), 1324–1339.
  • Lee, N. R., Pennington, B. F. & Keenan, J. M. (2010). Verbal short-term memory deficits in Down syndrome: phonological, semantic, or both? J Neurodevelop Disord, 2, 9-25.
  • Martin, G. E., Klusek, J., Estigarribia, B. & Roberts, J. E. (2009). Language characteristics of individuals with Down syndrome. Topics in Language Disorders, 29, 112–132.
  • Nash, H. M. & Snowling, M. J. (2008). Semantic and phonological fluency in children with Down syndrome: atypical organization of language or less efficient retrieval strategies? Cognitive neuropsychology, 25(5), 690-703.
  • Papagno, C. & Vallar, G. (2001). Understanding metaphors and idioms: a single case neuropsychological study in a person with Down syndrome. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 7, 516-528.
  • Roch, M., Florit, E. & Levorato, C. (2013). The role of linguistic context in deriving word meanings in individuals with Down syndrome. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34, 605-615.
  • Rondal, J. A. (1988). Down’s syndrome. D. Bishop & K. Mogford (Ed.), Language development in exceptional circumstances içinde (165-176. ss.). Londra: Churchill Livingstone.
  • Schmidt, L.G. & Seger, C.A. (2009). Neural correlates of metaphor processing: The roles of figurativeness, familiarity and difficulty. Brain and Cognition, 71, 375-386.
  • Shnitzer-Meirovich, S., Lifshitz, H. & Mashal, N. (2018). Enhancing the comprehension of visual metaphors in individuals with intellectual disability with or without down syndrome. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 74, 113-123.
  • Smith, E. & Jarrold, C. (2014). Grouping, semantic relation and imagery effects in individuals with Down syndrome. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35, 3162-3174.
  • Stefanini, S., Caselli, M. C. & Volterra, V. (2007). Spoken and gestural production in a naming task by young children with Down syndrome. Brain and Language, 101, 208-221.
  • Tabossi, P. & Zardon, F. (1995). The activation of idiomatic meaning. M. Everaert, E. Linden, A. Schenk, R. Schreuder (Ed.) Idioms: Structural and Psychological Perspectives içinde (273-282. ss.). Hove: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Tartter, V. C., Gomes, H., Dubrovsky, B., Molholm, S. & Stewart, R. V. (2002). Novel metaphors appear anomalous at least momentarily: Evidence from N400. Brain and Language, 80, 488-509.
  • Winner, E. & Gardner, H. (1977). The comprehension of metaphor in brain damaged patients. Brain, 100, 717-729.
  • Yang, F. G., Bradley, K., Huq, M., Wu, D. & Krawczyk, D. C. (2013). Contextual effects on conceptual blending in metaphors: An event-related potential study. Journal of Linguistic, 26, 312-326.
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Dilbilim
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Bertuğ Sakın 0000-0002-2995-6079

Sümeyra Özkan 0000-0003-0851-4578

Volkan Yonarkol 0000-0003-1173-5144

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Sayı: 37

Kaynak Göster

APA Sakın, B., Özkan, S., & Yonarkol, V. (2021). Down Sendromunun Kavramsal Metaforların Zihinde İşlemlenme Sürecine Etkisi. Dilbilim(37), 11-23. https://doi.org/10.26650/jol.2021.986791