Comparison of Chemical Contents of Extracts in Different Solvents of Propolis Samples Produced in Duzce Province

Mert Dönmez; Şeref Karadeniz; Taner Yoldas; Gülşah Aydın; Pınar Karagül; Osman Aksu; Pınar Göç Rasgele

Araştırma Makalesi

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 3, 137 - 146, 15.12.2020

Mert Dönmez Şeref Karadeniz Taner Yoldas Gülşah Aydın Pınar Karagül Osman Aksu Pınar Göç Rasgele

Öz

Kaynakça

1. SHGMGETAT, T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Sağlık Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü. Apiterapi Uygulaması Hakkında Bilgilendirme. Published 2017. Accessed October 3, 2020. https://shgmgetatdb.saglik.gov.tr/TR,24674/apiterapi-uygulamasi-hakkinda-bilgilendirme.html# :~:text=Tanımı%3A Apiterapi%3B arı ve arı,sütü%2C
2. Chen C-N, Weng M-S, Wu C-L, Lin J-K. Comparison of Radical Scavenging Activity, Cytotoxic Effects and Apoptosis Induction in Human Melanoma Cells by Taiwanese Propolis from Different Sources. Evidence-Based Complement Altern Med. 2004;1(2):175-185.
3. Teixeira ÉW, Negri G, Meira RMSA, Message D, Salatino A. Plant Origin of Green Propolis: Bee Behavior, Plant Anatomy and Chemistry. Evidence-Based Complement Altern Med. 2005;2(1):85-92.
4. Mohammadzadeh S, Shariatpanahi M, Hamedi M, Ahmadkhaniha R, Samadi N, Ostad SN. Chemical composition, oral toxicity and antimicrobial activity of Iranian propolis. Food Chem. 2007;103(4):1097-1103.
5. Barros MP de, Lemos M, Maistro EL, Leite MF, Sousa JPB, Bastos JK, Andrade SF. Evaluation of antiulcer activity of the main phenolic acids found in Brazilian Green Propolis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;120(3):372-377.
6. • Vatansever HS, Sorkun K, Deliloglu Gurhan Sİ, Ozdal-Kurt F, Turkoz E, Gencay O, Salih B. Propolis from Turkey induces apoptosis through activating caspases in human breast carcinoma cell lines. Acta Histochem. 2010;112(6):546-56.
7. Gülçin I, Bursal E, Şehitoĝlu MH, Bilsel M, Gören AC. Polyphenol contents and antioxidant activity of lyophilized aqueous extract of propolis from Erzurum, Turkey. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010;48(8-9):2227-38.
8. Gong S, Luo L, Gong W, Gao Y, Xie M. Multivariate analyses of element concentrations revealed the groupings of propolis from different regions in China. Food Chem. 2012;134(1):583-588.
9. Pietta PG, Gardana C, Pietta AM. Analytical methods for quality control of propolis. Fitoterapia. 2002;73:7-20.
10. Nakajima Y, Shimazawa M, Mishima S, Hara H. Water extract of propolis and its main constituents, caffeoylquinic acid derivatives, exert neuroprotective effects via antioxidant actions. Life Sci. 2007;80(4)370-7.
11. Tosi B, Donini A, Romagnoli C, Bruni A. Antimicrobial activity of some commercial extracts of propolis prepared with different solvents. Phyther Res. 1996;10(4)335-336.
12. Sforcin JM, Bankova V. Propolis: Is there a potential for the development of new drugs? J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;133(2011)253-260.
13. De Zordi N, Cortesi A, Kikic I, Moneghini M, Solinas D, Innocenti G, Portolan A, Baratto G, Dall’Acqua S. The supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of polyphenols from Propolis: A central composite design approach. J Supercrit Fluids. 2014;95:491-498.
14. Kubiliene L, Laugaliene V, Pavilonis A, Maruska A, Majiene D, Barcauskaite K, Kubilius R, Kasparaviciene G, Savickas A. Alternative preparation of propolis extracts: comparison of their composition and biological activities. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2015;15(1):156.
15. Midorikawa K, Banskota AH, Tezuka Y, Nagaoka T, Matsushige K, Message D, Huertas AAG, Kadota S. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of propolis. Phytochem Anal. 2001;12(6):366-73.
16. Yang H, Huang Z, Huang Y, Dong W, Pan Z, Wang L. Characterization of Chinese crude propolis by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis. 2015;113(5):158.164.
17. Luo C, Zou X, Li Y, Sun C, Jiang Y, Wu Z. Determination of flavonoids in propolis-rich functional foods by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. Food Chem. 2011;127(1):314-320.
18. Cao YH, Wang Y, Yuan Q. Analysis of Flavonoids and Phenolic Acid in Propolis by Capillary Electrophoresis. Chromatographia. 2004;59:135-140.
19. Sun YM, Wu HL, Wang JY, Liu Z, Zhai M, Yu RQ. Simultaneous determination of eight flavonoids in propolis using chemometrics-assisted high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection. J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2014;127(1):314-320.
20. Ozdal T, Ceylan FD, Eroglu N, Kaplan M, Olgun EO, Capanoglu E. Investigation of antioxidant capacity, bioaccessibility and LC-MS/MS phenolic profile of Turkish propolis. Food Res Int. 2019;122:528-536.
21. Revilla I, Vivar-Quintana AM, González-Martín I, Escuredo O, Seijo C. The potential of near infrared spectroscopy for determining the phenolic, antioxidant, color and bactericide characteristics of raw propolis. Microchem J. 2017;134:211-217.
22. Wang X, Sankarapandian K, Cheng Y, Woo SO, Kwon HW, Perumalsamy H, Ahn YJ. Relationship between total phenolic contents and biological properties of propolis from 20 different regions in South Korea. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2016;16(1):65.
23. Balingui CF, Noel NJ, Emmanuel T, Benoit NM, Gervais HM, Boubakary A. LC-MS Analysis, Total Phenolics Content, Phytochemical Study and DPPH Antiradical Scavenging Activity of Two Cameroonian Propolis Samples. Med Chem (Los Angeles). 2019;9(8):100-106.
24. Fikri AM, Sulaeman A, Marliyati SA, Fahrudin M. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of stingless bee propolis from Indonesia. J Apic Sci. 2019;63(1). 25. Béji-Srairi R, Younes I, Snoussi M, Yahyaoui K, Borchard G, Ksouri R, Frachet V, Wided MK. Ethanolic extract of Tunisian propolis: chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiproliferative properties. J Apic Res. 2020;59(5):917-927.
26. Koc AN, Silici S, Ayangil D, Ferahbaş A, Çankaya S. Comparison of in vitro activities of antifungal drugs and ethanolic extract of propolis against Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentagrophytes by using a microdilution assay. Mycoses. 2005;48(3):205-10.
27. Krol W, Scheller S, Shani J, Pietsz G, Czuba Z. Synergistic effect of ethanolic extract of propolis and antibiotics on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. Arzneimittel-Forschung/Drug Res. 1993;43(5):607-9.
28. Rivero-Cruz JF, Granados-Pineda J, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Pérez-Rojas JM, Kumar-Passari A, Diaz-Ruiz G, Rivero-Cruz BEJA. Phytochemical Constituents, Antioxidant, Cytotoxic, and Antimicrobial Activities of the Ethanolic Extract of Mexican Brown Propolis. Antioxidants. 2020;9(1):70.
29. Scheller S, Krol W, Owczarek S, Swiacik J, Gabrys J, Shani J. Antitumoral Property of Ethanolic Extract of Propolis in Mice-Bearing Ehrlich Carcinoma, as Compared to Bleomycin. Zeitschrift für Naturforsch C. 1989;44(11-12):1063-1065.
30. Scheller S, Wilczok T, Imielski S, Krol W, Gabrys J, Shani J. Free radical scavenging by ethanol extract of propolis. Int J Radiat Biol. 1990;57(3):461-465.
31. Szliszka E, Zydowicz G, Janoszka B, Dobosz C, Kowalczyk-Ziomek G, Krol W. Ethanolic extract of Brazilian green propolis sensitizes prostate cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Int J Oncol. 2011;38(4):941-953.
32. Wali AF, Avula B, Ali Z, Khan IA, Mushtaq A, Rehman MU, Akbar S, Masoodi MH. Antioxidant, Hepatoprotective Potential and Chemical Profiling of Propolis Ethanolic Extract from Kashmir Himalaya Region Using UHPLC-DAD-QToF-MS. Biomed Res Int. 2015:1-10.
33. Rowe, R.C., Sheskey, P.J. Quinn ME. Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients. 6th Editio. Pharmaceutical Press; 2009;8(5):506-509.
34. Li B, Dong X, Fang S, Gao J, Yang G, Zhao H. Systemic toxicity and toxicokinetics of a high dose of polyethylene glycol 400 in dogs following intravenous injection. Drug Chem Toxicol. 2011;34(2):208-212.
35. Kocabas E, Demirci B, Uzel A, Demirci F. Volatile composition of Anatolian propolis by headspace-solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), antimicrobial activity against food contaminants and antioxidant activity. J Med Plants Res. 2013;7(28):2140-2149.
36. Asem N, Abdul Gapar NA, Abd Hapit NH, Omar EA. Correlation between total phenolic and flavonoid contents with antioxidant activity of Malaysian stingless bee propolis extract. J Apic Res. 2020;59(4):437-442.
37. Mouhoubi-Tafinine Z, Ouchemoukh S, Tamendjari A. Antioxydant activity of some algerian honey and propolis. Ind Crops Prod. 2016;88:85-90.
38. Andrade JKS, Denadai M, de Oliveira CS, Nunes ML, Narain N. Evaluation of bioactive compounds potential and antioxidant activity of brown, green and red propolis from Brazilian northeast region. Food Res Int. 2017;101:129-138.
39. Degirmencioglu T, Guzelmeric H, Yuksel E, Kırmızıbekmez PI, Deniz H, Yesilada E. A New Type of Anatolian Propolis: Evaluation of Its Chemical Composition, Activity Profile and Botanical Origin. Chem Biodivers. 2019;16(12).
40. Gargouri W, Osés SM, Fernández-Muiño MA, Sancho MT, Kechaou N. Evaluation of bioactive compounds and biological activities of Tunisian propolis. LWT. 2019;111:328-336.
41. Boulanouar B, Mounir H, Ahmed B, Abdelaziz G. Total Phenolic, Flavonoid Contents and Antioxidant Activities of Honey and Propolis Collected from the Region of Laghouat (South of Algeria). Int J Pharmacogn Chinese Med. 2017;1(2):91-97.
42. Nagai T, Inoue R, Inoue H, Suzuki N. Preparation and antioxidant properties of water extract of propolis. Food Chem. 2003;80(1):29-33.
43. Silva JC, Rodrigues S, Feás X, Estevinho LM. Antimicrobial activity, phenolic profile and role in the inflammation of propolis. Food Chem Toxicol. 2012;50(5):1790-5 . 44. Chong FC, Chua LS. Effects of Solvent and pH on Stingless Bee Propolis in Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction. Agri Engineering. 2020;2:308-316.

Comparison of Chemical Contents of Extracts in Different Solvents of Propolis Samples Produced in Duzce Province

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 3, 137 - 146, 15.12.2020

Mert Dönmez Şeref Karadeniz Taner Yoldas Gülşah Aydın Pınar Karagül Osman Aksu Pınar Göç Rasgele

Öz

Objective: Although the volatile components in the propolis composition are in very low concentration, they are extremely important for the characterization of propolis due to their aroma-giving properties and various biological activities. Since propolis is a product obtained from plants, its chemical composition depends on the local plant flora and the geographical and climatic characteristics of the region where the sample is collected. Therefore, different propolis samples can differ completely in terms of their chemistry and biological activities. Propolis extracts obtained by using different solvents have different contents. For this reason, the content of antioxidants varies, which causes differences in phenolic and flavonoid amounts. In the study, it was aimed to determine the efficacy of different propolis extracts produced as a result of beekeeping activities in Düzce province by comparing the chemical content.
Material-Method: The extracts of propolis collected from Düzce province were prepared using ethanol, water and PEG400 – water solvents. In the study carried out, the volatile components of three different extracts of propolis samples obtained from hives belonging to Yığılca Region were examined with LC-MS/MS, GC-MS UV. The determination of the total phenolic component (TPC) level was carried out with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and the total flavonoid content (TFC) level with the AlCl3 based method.
Results: Major volatile constituents of Ethanolic extract; Diphenyl-1,2,5-oxadiazole (86.11%) and Benzenepropanoic acid ethyl ester (6.3%), Major volatile components of PEG400-water (50% - 50%) extract; 4-vinyl-2-methoxy-phenol (40.40%), Benzyl benzoate (17.16%), Methyl benzyl ketone (16.87%) ve Ethyl 3-methylnaphtho[1,2-c]pyrrole-1-carboxylate (14.32%), major volatile components of water extract; Benzyl Alcohol (79.91%) ve 4-vinyl-2-methoxy-phenol (8.86%). The highest TPC level was in ethanolic extract with 23,192.45 ± 396.54 mgGAE/100 g. Similarly, the highest TFC was found in ethanolic extract (7,190.12 ± 203.85 mgQE/100g). The water extract had the lowest levels at both TPC and TFC levels.
Conclusion: It has been concluded that the highest phenolic content of propolis, which has recently begun to find an important use in the food and health sector, is obtained by ethanol extraction. When evaluated in terms of the obtained results from all methods, it is listed as Etanolic extract> PEG400> water extract. Further studies should be done using different solvents in order to extract as much of the components from propolis as possible.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Propolis Extraction, LC-MS/MS, GC/MS

Kaynakça

1. SHGMGETAT, T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Sağlık Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü. Apiterapi Uygulaması Hakkında Bilgilendirme. Published 2017. Accessed October 3, 2020. https://shgmgetatdb.saglik.gov.tr/TR,24674/apiterapi-uygulamasi-hakkinda-bilgilendirme.html# :~:text=Tanımı%3A Apiterapi%3B arı ve arı,sütü%2C
2. Chen C-N, Weng M-S, Wu C-L, Lin J-K. Comparison of Radical Scavenging Activity, Cytotoxic Effects and Apoptosis Induction in Human Melanoma Cells by Taiwanese Propolis from Different Sources. Evidence-Based Complement Altern Med. 2004;1(2):175-185.
3. Teixeira ÉW, Negri G, Meira RMSA, Message D, Salatino A. Plant Origin of Green Propolis: Bee Behavior, Plant Anatomy and Chemistry. Evidence-Based Complement Altern Med. 2005;2(1):85-92.
4. Mohammadzadeh S, Shariatpanahi M, Hamedi M, Ahmadkhaniha R, Samadi N, Ostad SN. Chemical composition, oral toxicity and antimicrobial activity of Iranian propolis. Food Chem. 2007;103(4):1097-1103.
5. Barros MP de, Lemos M, Maistro EL, Leite MF, Sousa JPB, Bastos JK, Andrade SF. Evaluation of antiulcer activity of the main phenolic acids found in Brazilian Green Propolis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;120(3):372-377.
6. • Vatansever HS, Sorkun K, Deliloglu Gurhan Sİ, Ozdal-Kurt F, Turkoz E, Gencay O, Salih B. Propolis from Turkey induces apoptosis through activating caspases in human breast carcinoma cell lines. Acta Histochem. 2010;112(6):546-56.
7. Gülçin I, Bursal E, Şehitoĝlu MH, Bilsel M, Gören AC. Polyphenol contents and antioxidant activity of lyophilized aqueous extract of propolis from Erzurum, Turkey. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010;48(8-9):2227-38.
8. Gong S, Luo L, Gong W, Gao Y, Xie M. Multivariate analyses of element concentrations revealed the groupings of propolis from different regions in China. Food Chem. 2012;134(1):583-588.
9. Pietta PG, Gardana C, Pietta AM. Analytical methods for quality control of propolis. Fitoterapia. 2002;73:7-20.
10. Nakajima Y, Shimazawa M, Mishima S, Hara H. Water extract of propolis and its main constituents, caffeoylquinic acid derivatives, exert neuroprotective effects via antioxidant actions. Life Sci. 2007;80(4)370-7.
11. Tosi B, Donini A, Romagnoli C, Bruni A. Antimicrobial activity of some commercial extracts of propolis prepared with different solvents. Phyther Res. 1996;10(4)335-336.
12. Sforcin JM, Bankova V. Propolis: Is there a potential for the development of new drugs? J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;133(2011)253-260.
13. De Zordi N, Cortesi A, Kikic I, Moneghini M, Solinas D, Innocenti G, Portolan A, Baratto G, Dall’Acqua S. The supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of polyphenols from Propolis: A central composite design approach. J Supercrit Fluids. 2014;95:491-498.
14. Kubiliene L, Laugaliene V, Pavilonis A, Maruska A, Majiene D, Barcauskaite K, Kubilius R, Kasparaviciene G, Savickas A. Alternative preparation of propolis extracts: comparison of their composition and biological activities. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2015;15(1):156.
15. Midorikawa K, Banskota AH, Tezuka Y, Nagaoka T, Matsushige K, Message D, Huertas AAG, Kadota S. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of propolis. Phytochem Anal. 2001;12(6):366-73.
16. Yang H, Huang Z, Huang Y, Dong W, Pan Z, Wang L. Characterization of Chinese crude propolis by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis. 2015;113(5):158.164.
17. Luo C, Zou X, Li Y, Sun C, Jiang Y, Wu Z. Determination of flavonoids in propolis-rich functional foods by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. Food Chem. 2011;127(1):314-320.
18. Cao YH, Wang Y, Yuan Q. Analysis of Flavonoids and Phenolic Acid in Propolis by Capillary Electrophoresis. Chromatographia. 2004;59:135-140.
19. Sun YM, Wu HL, Wang JY, Liu Z, Zhai M, Yu RQ. Simultaneous determination of eight flavonoids in propolis using chemometrics-assisted high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection. J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2014;127(1):314-320.
20. Ozdal T, Ceylan FD, Eroglu N, Kaplan M, Olgun EO, Capanoglu E. Investigation of antioxidant capacity, bioaccessibility and LC-MS/MS phenolic profile of Turkish propolis. Food Res Int. 2019;122:528-536.
21. Revilla I, Vivar-Quintana AM, González-Martín I, Escuredo O, Seijo C. The potential of near infrared spectroscopy for determining the phenolic, antioxidant, color and bactericide characteristics of raw propolis. Microchem J. 2017;134:211-217.
22. Wang X, Sankarapandian K, Cheng Y, Woo SO, Kwon HW, Perumalsamy H, Ahn YJ. Relationship between total phenolic contents and biological properties of propolis from 20 different regions in South Korea. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2016;16(1):65.
23. Balingui CF, Noel NJ, Emmanuel T, Benoit NM, Gervais HM, Boubakary A. LC-MS Analysis, Total Phenolics Content, Phytochemical Study and DPPH Antiradical Scavenging Activity of Two Cameroonian Propolis Samples. Med Chem (Los Angeles). 2019;9(8):100-106.
24. Fikri AM, Sulaeman A, Marliyati SA, Fahrudin M. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of stingless bee propolis from Indonesia. J Apic Sci. 2019;63(1). 25. Béji-Srairi R, Younes I, Snoussi M, Yahyaoui K, Borchard G, Ksouri R, Frachet V, Wided MK. Ethanolic extract of Tunisian propolis: chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiproliferative properties. J Apic Res. 2020;59(5):917-927.
26. Koc AN, Silici S, Ayangil D, Ferahbaş A, Çankaya S. Comparison of in vitro activities of antifungal drugs and ethanolic extract of propolis against Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentagrophytes by using a microdilution assay. Mycoses. 2005;48(3):205-10.
27. Krol W, Scheller S, Shani J, Pietsz G, Czuba Z. Synergistic effect of ethanolic extract of propolis and antibiotics on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. Arzneimittel-Forschung/Drug Res. 1993;43(5):607-9.
28. Rivero-Cruz JF, Granados-Pineda J, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Pérez-Rojas JM, Kumar-Passari A, Diaz-Ruiz G, Rivero-Cruz BEJA. Phytochemical Constituents, Antioxidant, Cytotoxic, and Antimicrobial Activities of the Ethanolic Extract of Mexican Brown Propolis. Antioxidants. 2020;9(1):70.
29. Scheller S, Krol W, Owczarek S, Swiacik J, Gabrys J, Shani J. Antitumoral Property of Ethanolic Extract of Propolis in Mice-Bearing Ehrlich Carcinoma, as Compared to Bleomycin. Zeitschrift für Naturforsch C. 1989;44(11-12):1063-1065.
30. Scheller S, Wilczok T, Imielski S, Krol W, Gabrys J, Shani J. Free radical scavenging by ethanol extract of propolis. Int J Radiat Biol. 1990;57(3):461-465.
31. Szliszka E, Zydowicz G, Janoszka B, Dobosz C, Kowalczyk-Ziomek G, Krol W. Ethanolic extract of Brazilian green propolis sensitizes prostate cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Int J Oncol. 2011;38(4):941-953.
32. Wali AF, Avula B, Ali Z, Khan IA, Mushtaq A, Rehman MU, Akbar S, Masoodi MH. Antioxidant, Hepatoprotective Potential and Chemical Profiling of Propolis Ethanolic Extract from Kashmir Himalaya Region Using UHPLC-DAD-QToF-MS. Biomed Res Int. 2015:1-10.
33. Rowe, R.C., Sheskey, P.J. Quinn ME. Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients. 6th Editio. Pharmaceutical Press; 2009;8(5):506-509.
34. Li B, Dong X, Fang S, Gao J, Yang G, Zhao H. Systemic toxicity and toxicokinetics of a high dose of polyethylene glycol 400 in dogs following intravenous injection. Drug Chem Toxicol. 2011;34(2):208-212.
35. Kocabas E, Demirci B, Uzel A, Demirci F. Volatile composition of Anatolian propolis by headspace-solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), antimicrobial activity against food contaminants and antioxidant activity. J Med Plants Res. 2013;7(28):2140-2149.
36. Asem N, Abdul Gapar NA, Abd Hapit NH, Omar EA. Correlation between total phenolic and flavonoid contents with antioxidant activity of Malaysian stingless bee propolis extract. J Apic Res. 2020;59(4):437-442.
37. Mouhoubi-Tafinine Z, Ouchemoukh S, Tamendjari A. Antioxydant activity of some algerian honey and propolis. Ind Crops Prod. 2016;88:85-90.
38. Andrade JKS, Denadai M, de Oliveira CS, Nunes ML, Narain N. Evaluation of bioactive compounds potential and antioxidant activity of brown, green and red propolis from Brazilian northeast region. Food Res Int. 2017;101:129-138.
39. Degirmencioglu T, Guzelmeric H, Yuksel E, Kırmızıbekmez PI, Deniz H, Yesilada E. A New Type of Anatolian Propolis: Evaluation of Its Chemical Composition, Activity Profile and Botanical Origin. Chem Biodivers. 2019;16(12).
40. Gargouri W, Osés SM, Fernández-Muiño MA, Sancho MT, Kechaou N. Evaluation of bioactive compounds and biological activities of Tunisian propolis. LWT. 2019;111:328-336.
41. Boulanouar B, Mounir H, Ahmed B, Abdelaziz G. Total Phenolic, Flavonoid Contents and Antioxidant Activities of Honey and Propolis Collected from the Region of Laghouat (South of Algeria). Int J Pharmacogn Chinese Med. 2017;1(2):91-97.
42. Nagai T, Inoue R, Inoue H, Suzuki N. Preparation and antioxidant properties of water extract of propolis. Food Chem. 2003;80(1):29-33.
43. Silva JC, Rodrigues S, Feás X, Estevinho LM. Antimicrobial activity, phenolic profile and role in the inflammation of propolis. Food Chem Toxicol. 2012;50(5):1790-5 . 44. Chong FC, Chua LS. Effects of Solvent and pH on Stingless Bee Propolis in Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction. Agri Engineering. 2020;2:308-316.

Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	İngilizce
Konular	Geleneksel, Tamamlayıcı ve Bütünleştirici Tıp
Bölüm	Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar	Mert Dönmez 0000-0002-7660-0454 Şeref Karadeniz 0000-0002-9441-5009 Taner Yoldas 0000-0002-0209-312X Gülşah Aydın 0000-0002-5376-0690 Pınar Karagül 0000-0002-2569-776X Osman Aksu 0000-0003-3334-577X Pınar Göç Rasgele 0000-0002-7558-3138
Yayımlanma Tarihi	15 Aralık 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi	20 Kasım 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2020 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA	Dönmez, M., Karadeniz, Ş., Yoldas, T., Aydın, G., vd. (2020). Comparison of Chemical Contents of Extracts in Different Solvents of Propolis Samples Produced in Duzce Province. International Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research, 1(3), 137-146.

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