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GIS Analysis of spatial-temporal variation of the ecological risk caused by element and organic pollutants in Lake Marmara (TURKIYE)

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3, 139 - 153, 30.09.2023

Şakir Fural

https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.1336939

Öz

Located in western Anatolia (Turkey), Lake Marmara is a wetland with high ecological value. Lake Marmara, which was exposed to intense anthropogenic effects after 1940, is experiencing ecological deterioration in recent years. This study aimed to analyze the ecological risk level of the lake by using Enrichment Factor (EF), Toxic Risk Index (TRI), Modified Potential Ecological Risk Index (mER) etc. The research hypothesized that the discharge of water from the Gediz River and Kum Stream to the lake after 1940 triggered ecological risk problems. Moderate toxic risk, low potential ecological risk, moderate element contamination were detected throughout the lake. It was determined that Mo, P and Hg of anthropogenic origin and As, Ni, Cr, Cu of lithological origin created ecological risk at a regional scale. Domestic-industrial wastes and agriculture in the Gediz River basin and around the lake were identified as the dominant anthropogenic activity. The temporal variation of the ecological risk indices based on the elements did not reflect the anthropogenic traces of water discharge into the lake from the Gediz River basin. However, the temporal variation of TOC, N, P and CDP showed the effects of anthropogenic interventions in the lake. According to the threshold values; P is highly contaminated and N is close to the severely contaminated limit. The findings, while confirming the research hypothesis, showed that the dominant ecological risk factor in Lake Marmara is not elemental contamination, but organic pollutants, nitrogen and phosphate.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Wetland ecology Limnology Ecological risk Organic pollution

Kaynakça

  • Adams, T. S., Sterner, R. W. (2000). The effect of dietary nitrogen content on trophic level 15N enrichment. Limnology and Oceanography, 45: 601-607. doi.org/10.4319/lo.2000.45.3.0601.
  • Akçay, H., Oğuz, A., Karapire, C. (2003). Study of heavy metal pollution and speciation in Büyük Menderes and Gediz river sediments. Water Research, 37: 813-822. doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00392-5.
  • Arı, Y., Derinöz, B. (2011). How not to manage a wetland? The case of Lake Marmara (Manisa) with a cultural ecological perspective. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 9: 41-60.
  • Bat, L., Özkan, E. Y., Büyükışık, H. B., Öztekin, H. C. (2017). Assessment of Metal Pollution in Sediments along Sinop peninsula of the Black Sea. International Journal of Marine Science, doi.org/205-213. 10.5376/ijms.2017.07.0022.
  • Bo, L., Wang, D., Li, T., Li, Y., Zhang, G., Wang, C., et al. (2015). Accumulation and risk assessment of heavy metals in water, sediments, and aquatic organisms in rural rivers in the Taihu Lake region, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22: 6721-6731. doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3798-3.
  • Bulkan, Ö., Yalçın, M. N., Wilkes, H. (2018). Geochemistry of Marmara Lake sediments- Implications for Holocene environmental changes in Western Turkey. Quaternary International, 486: 199-214. doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2017.12.045.
  • Brady J.P, Ayoko G.A, Martens W.N, Goonetilleke A. (2015). Development of a hybrid pollution index for heavy metals in marine and estuarine sediments. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 187, doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4563-x.
  • Benson, N.U, Adedapo A.E, Fred-Ahmadu O.H, Williams A.B, Udosen, E.D, Ayejuyo O.O, Olajire A.A. (2018). New ecological risk indices for evaluating heavy metals contamination in aquatic sediment: A case study of the Gulf of Guinea. Regional Studies in Marine Science 18: 44–56. doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2018.01.004.
  • Chappaz, A., Gobeil, C., Tessier, A. (2008). Geochemical and anthropogenic enrichments of Mo in sediments from perennially oxic and seasonally anoxic lakes in Eastern Canada. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 72: 170-184. doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2007.10.014.
  • Chen, Z., Huang, B., Hu, W., Wang, W. (2021). Ecological-health risks assessment and source identification of heavy metals in typical greenhouse vegetable production systems in Northwest China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13679-y.
  • Correll, D. L. (1998). The Role of Phosphorus in the Eutrophication of Receiving Waters: A Review. Journal of Environmental Quality, 27: 261-266. doi.org/10.2134/jeq1998.00472425002700020004x. Crutzen, P. J. (2006). The “Anthropocene”. Earth System Science in the Anthropocene (13-16). in Berlin, Germany: Springer.
  • Cürebal, İ., Efe, R., Soykan, A., Sönmez, S. (2015). Impacts of anthropogenic factors on land degradation during the anthropocene in Turkey. Journal of Environmental Biology, 36: 51-58.
  • Cüce, H., Kalıpçı E., Ustaoğlu F., Dereli M.A. (2022). Integrated Spatial Distribution and Multivariate Statistical Analysis for Assessment of Ecotoxicological and Health Risks of Sediment Metal Contamination, Ömerli Dam (Istanbul, Turkey), Water, Air & Soil Pollution, 233, doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-05670-1.
  • Cymerman, A., Kempers, A. J. (2001). Concentrations of heavy metals and plant nutrients in water, sediments and aquatic macrophytes of anthropogenic lakes (former open cut brown coal mines) differing in stage of acidification. Science of The Total Environment, 28: 87-98. doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(01)00838-5.
  • Dan, S. F., Li, S., Yang, B., Cui, D., Ning, Z., Huang, H., et al. (2021). Influence of sedimentary organic matter sources on the distribution characteristics and preservation status of organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and biogenic silica in the Daya Bay, northern South China Sea. 783, doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146899.
  • Dan, S. F., Liu, M. S., Yang, B. (2020). Geochemical fractionation, potential bioavailability and ecological risk of phosphorus in surface sediments of the Cross River estuary system and adjacent shelf, South East Nigeria (West Africa). Journal of Marine Systems, 201, doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2019.103244.
  • Delibacak, S., Elmacı, M., Seçer, M., Bodur, A. (2007). Trace elements and heavy metal concentrations in fruit and vegetables of the Gediz River region. International Journal of Water, 2: 196-211. Derinöz, B. (2022). Cultural Ecology Human, Culture and Space in Marmara Lake. Çanakkale: Paradigma Academy Publications.
  • Ertek, A. (2017). Anthropogenic Geomorphology: Subject, origin and purpose. Turkish Journal of Geography, 69: 69-79.
  • Fural, Ş., Kükrer, S., Cürebal, İ., Aykır, D. (2021). Spatial distribution, environmental risk assessment, and source identification of potentially toxic metals in Atikhisar dam, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment volume, 193, doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09062-6.
  • Fural, Ş., Kükrer, S., Aykır, D., Cürebal, İ. (2022). Ecological degradation and non-carcinogenic health risks of potential toxic elements: a GIS-based spatial analysis for Doganci Dam (Turkey). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194, doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-09870-4.
  • Gaudette, H. E., Flight, W. R., Toner, L., Folger, W. (1974). An inexpensive titration method for the 451 determination of organic carbon in recent sediments. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 44: 249-253.
  • Girgin, M. (2000). Marmara Lake. Eastern Geography Journal, 6: 78-102.
  • Gül, O., Onmuş, O., Sıkı, M. (2013). Significant Impacts of the Water Level and HumanIntervention on the Natural Habitats and Breeding Waterbirds in Marmara Lake. Ecology, 22: 29-39.
  • Gülersoy, A. E. (2013). Temporal Change of Land Use Activities in Marmara Lake’s Immediate Surrounding (1975- 2011) and Effects on Ecosystem of the Lake. Turkish journal of Geography, 61: 31-44.
  • Hakanson L. (1980). An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control: A sedimentological approach. Water Research, 8:975-1001. doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(80)90143-8.
  • Hasançavuşoğlu, Z., Gündoğdu, A. (2021). Investigation of Some Nutritional Salts and Physicochemical Parameters Causing Eutrophication in Sarıkum Lake (Sinop). Sinop University Journal of Natural Sciences, 6: 115-129. doi.org/10.33484/sinopfbd. 912499.
  • İlhan, A., Sarı, H. M. (2015). Length-weıght relatıonships of fish species in Marmara lake, West Anatolia, Turkey. Croatian Journal of Fisheries, 73: 30-32. doi.org/10.14798/73.1.784.
  • Kaya, H., Erginal, G., Çakır, Ç., Gazioğlu, C., Erginal, E. (2017). Ecological risk evaluation of sediment core samples, Lake Tortum (Erzurum, NE Turkey) using environmental indices. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 4: 227-239. doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.348826.
  • Kocataş, A. (2002). Ecology and Environmental Biology. Izmir: Ege University Press. Küçüksezgin, F., Uluturhan, E., Batki, H. (2008). Distribution of heavy metals in water, particulate matter and sediments of Gediz River (Eastern Aegean). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 143: 213-225. doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-9889-6.
  • Kükrer, S., Erginal, A. E., Şeker, S., Karabıyıkoğlu, M. (2015). Distribution and environmental risk evaluation of heavy metal in core sediments from Lake Çıldır (NE Turkey). Environ. Monit. Assess, 7, doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4685-1.
  • Kükrer, S., Tunç, İ. O., Erginal, A. E., Bay, Ö., Kılıç, Ş. (2021). Distribution, sources and ecological risk assessment of metals in Kura river sediments along a human disturbance gradient. Environmental Forensics. doi.org/10.1080/15275922.2021.1940378.
  • Kılıç. N.K., Dağdeviren R.Y., Fural Ş., Kükrer S., Makaraoğlu Ö. (2023). Vegetation History of Lake Marmara (W. Türkiye) and Surrounding Area During The Last 700 Years, Comptes rendus de l’Acad ́emie bulgare des Sciences, 76:7, 1028 – 1037. doi.org/10.7546/CRABS.2023.07.06.
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  • Mariyanto, M., Amir, M. F., Utama, W., Hamdan, A. M., Bijaksana, S., Pratama, A., et al. (2019). Heavy metal contents and magnetic properties of surface sediments in volcanic and tropical environment from Brantas River, Jawa Timur Province, Indonesia. Science of The Total Environment, 675: 632-641. doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.244.
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  • Özkan, E. Y., Fural, Ş., Kükrer, S., Büyükışık, H. B. (2022). Seasonal and spatial variations of ecological risk from potantial toxic elements in the southern littoral zone of İzmir Inner Gulf. Environmental Science and Pollution Reseach. doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19987-1.
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Yıl 2023, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3, 139 - 153, 30.09.2023

Şakir Fural

https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.1336939

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Adams, T. S., Sterner, R. W. (2000). The effect of dietary nitrogen content on trophic level 15N enrichment. Limnology and Oceanography, 45: 601-607. doi.org/10.4319/lo.2000.45.3.0601.
  • Akçay, H., Oğuz, A., Karapire, C. (2003). Study of heavy metal pollution and speciation in Büyük Menderes and Gediz river sediments. Water Research, 37: 813-822. doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00392-5.
  • Arı, Y., Derinöz, B. (2011). How not to manage a wetland? The case of Lake Marmara (Manisa) with a cultural ecological perspective. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 9: 41-60.
  • Bat, L., Özkan, E. Y., Büyükışık, H. B., Öztekin, H. C. (2017). Assessment of Metal Pollution in Sediments along Sinop peninsula of the Black Sea. International Journal of Marine Science, doi.org/205-213. 10.5376/ijms.2017.07.0022.
  • Bo, L., Wang, D., Li, T., Li, Y., Zhang, G., Wang, C., et al. (2015). Accumulation and risk assessment of heavy metals in water, sediments, and aquatic organisms in rural rivers in the Taihu Lake region, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22: 6721-6731. doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3798-3.
  • Bulkan, Ö., Yalçın, M. N., Wilkes, H. (2018). Geochemistry of Marmara Lake sediments- Implications for Holocene environmental changes in Western Turkey. Quaternary International, 486: 199-214. doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2017.12.045.
  • Brady J.P, Ayoko G.A, Martens W.N, Goonetilleke A. (2015). Development of a hybrid pollution index for heavy metals in marine and estuarine sediments. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 187, doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4563-x.
  • Benson, N.U, Adedapo A.E, Fred-Ahmadu O.H, Williams A.B, Udosen, E.D, Ayejuyo O.O, Olajire A.A. (2018). New ecological risk indices for evaluating heavy metals contamination in aquatic sediment: A case study of the Gulf of Guinea. Regional Studies in Marine Science 18: 44–56. doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2018.01.004.
  • Chappaz, A., Gobeil, C., Tessier, A. (2008). Geochemical and anthropogenic enrichments of Mo in sediments from perennially oxic and seasonally anoxic lakes in Eastern Canada. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 72: 170-184. doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2007.10.014.
  • Chen, Z., Huang, B., Hu, W., Wang, W. (2021). Ecological-health risks assessment and source identification of heavy metals in typical greenhouse vegetable production systems in Northwest China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13679-y.
  • Correll, D. L. (1998). The Role of Phosphorus in the Eutrophication of Receiving Waters: A Review. Journal of Environmental Quality, 27: 261-266. doi.org/10.2134/jeq1998.00472425002700020004x. Crutzen, P. J. (2006). The “Anthropocene”. Earth System Science in the Anthropocene (13-16). in Berlin, Germany: Springer.
  • Cürebal, İ., Efe, R., Soykan, A., Sönmez, S. (2015). Impacts of anthropogenic factors on land degradation during the anthropocene in Turkey. Journal of Environmental Biology, 36: 51-58.
  • Cüce, H., Kalıpçı E., Ustaoğlu F., Dereli M.A. (2022). Integrated Spatial Distribution and Multivariate Statistical Analysis for Assessment of Ecotoxicological and Health Risks of Sediment Metal Contamination, Ömerli Dam (Istanbul, Turkey), Water, Air & Soil Pollution, 233, doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-05670-1.
  • Cymerman, A., Kempers, A. J. (2001). Concentrations of heavy metals and plant nutrients in water, sediments and aquatic macrophytes of anthropogenic lakes (former open cut brown coal mines) differing in stage of acidification. Science of The Total Environment, 28: 87-98. doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(01)00838-5.
  • Dan, S. F., Li, S., Yang, B., Cui, D., Ning, Z., Huang, H., et al. (2021). Influence of sedimentary organic matter sources on the distribution characteristics and preservation status of organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and biogenic silica in the Daya Bay, northern South China Sea. 783, doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146899.
  • Dan, S. F., Liu, M. S., Yang, B. (2020). Geochemical fractionation, potential bioavailability and ecological risk of phosphorus in surface sediments of the Cross River estuary system and adjacent shelf, South East Nigeria (West Africa). Journal of Marine Systems, 201, doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2019.103244.
  • Delibacak, S., Elmacı, M., Seçer, M., Bodur, A. (2007). Trace elements and heavy metal concentrations in fruit and vegetables of the Gediz River region. International Journal of Water, 2: 196-211. Derinöz, B. (2022). Cultural Ecology Human, Culture and Space in Marmara Lake. Çanakkale: Paradigma Academy Publications.
  • Ertek, A. (2017). Anthropogenic Geomorphology: Subject, origin and purpose. Turkish Journal of Geography, 69: 69-79.
  • Fural, Ş., Kükrer, S., Cürebal, İ., Aykır, D. (2021). Spatial distribution, environmental risk assessment, and source identification of potentially toxic metals in Atikhisar dam, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment volume, 193, doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09062-6.
  • Fural, Ş., Kükrer, S., Aykır, D., Cürebal, İ. (2022). Ecological degradation and non-carcinogenic health risks of potential toxic elements: a GIS-based spatial analysis for Doganci Dam (Turkey). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194, doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-09870-4.
  • Gaudette, H. E., Flight, W. R., Toner, L., Folger, W. (1974). An inexpensive titration method for the 451 determination of organic carbon in recent sediments. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 44: 249-253.
  • Girgin, M. (2000). Marmara Lake. Eastern Geography Journal, 6: 78-102.
  • Gül, O., Onmuş, O., Sıkı, M. (2013). Significant Impacts of the Water Level and HumanIntervention on the Natural Habitats and Breeding Waterbirds in Marmara Lake. Ecology, 22: 29-39.
  • Gülersoy, A. E. (2013). Temporal Change of Land Use Activities in Marmara Lake’s Immediate Surrounding (1975- 2011) and Effects on Ecosystem of the Lake. Turkish journal of Geography, 61: 31-44.
  • Hakanson L. (1980). An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control: A sedimentological approach. Water Research, 8:975-1001. doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(80)90143-8.
  • Hasançavuşoğlu, Z., Gündoğdu, A. (2021). Investigation of Some Nutritional Salts and Physicochemical Parameters Causing Eutrophication in Sarıkum Lake (Sinop). Sinop University Journal of Natural Sciences, 6: 115-129. doi.org/10.33484/sinopfbd. 912499.
  • İlhan, A., Sarı, H. M. (2015). Length-weıght relatıonships of fish species in Marmara lake, West Anatolia, Turkey. Croatian Journal of Fisheries, 73: 30-32. doi.org/10.14798/73.1.784.
  • Kaya, H., Erginal, G., Çakır, Ç., Gazioğlu, C., Erginal, E. (2017). Ecological risk evaluation of sediment core samples, Lake Tortum (Erzurum, NE Turkey) using environmental indices. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 4: 227-239. doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.348826.
  • Kocataş, A. (2002). Ecology and Environmental Biology. Izmir: Ege University Press. Küçüksezgin, F., Uluturhan, E., Batki, H. (2008). Distribution of heavy metals in water, particulate matter and sediments of Gediz River (Eastern Aegean). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 143: 213-225. doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-9889-6.
  • Kükrer, S., Erginal, A. E., Şeker, S., Karabıyıkoğlu, M. (2015). Distribution and environmental risk evaluation of heavy metal in core sediments from Lake Çıldır (NE Turkey). Environ. Monit. Assess, 7, doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4685-1.
  • Kükrer, S., Tunç, İ. O., Erginal, A. E., Bay, Ö., Kılıç, Ş. (2021). Distribution, sources and ecological risk assessment of metals in Kura river sediments along a human disturbance gradient. Environmental Forensics. doi.org/10.1080/15275922.2021.1940378.
  • Kılıç. N.K., Dağdeviren R.Y., Fural Ş., Kükrer S., Makaraoğlu Ö. (2023). Vegetation History of Lake Marmara (W. Türkiye) and Surrounding Area During The Last 700 Years, Comptes rendus de l’Acad ́emie bulgare des Sciences, 76:7, 1028 – 1037. doi.org/10.7546/CRABS.2023.07.06.
  • Lorenzen, C. (1971). Chlorophyll-degradation products in sediments of Black Sea. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Contribution, 28; 426-428.
  • Long, E., Field, L., Mac Donald, D. (1998). Predicting toxicity in marine sediments with numerical sediment quality guidelines. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 17: 714-727. doi.org/10.1002/etc. 5620170428.
  • MacDonald, DD, Ingersoll CG, Berger TA (2000) Development and Evaluation of Consensus-Based Sediment Quality Guidelines for Freshwater Ecosystems. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 39: 20–31. doi.org/10.1007/s002440010075.
  • Mariyanto, M., Amir, M. F., Utama, W., Hamdan, A. M., Bijaksana, S., Pratama, A., et al. (2019). Heavy metal contents and magnetic properties of surface sediments in volcanic and tropical environment from Brantas River, Jawa Timur Province, Indonesia. Science of The Total Environment, 675: 632-641. doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.244.
  • Nawab, J., Khan, S., Xiaoping, W. (2018). Ecological and health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in the major rivers of Pakistan: General population vs. Fishermen. Chemosphere, 202: 154-164.
  • Özkan, E. Y., Fural, Ş., Kükrer, S., Büyükışık, H. B. (2022). Seasonal and spatial variations of ecological risk from potantial toxic elements in the southern littoral zone of İzmir Inner Gulf. Environmental Science and Pollution Reseach. doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19987-1.
  • Pejman, A., Bidhendi, N. G., Ardestani, M., Saeedi, M., Baghvand, A. (2015). A new index for assesing heavy metal contamination in sediments: A cese study. Ecological Indicators, 58: 365-373.
  • Pacyna, J. M., Pacyna, E. G., Steenhuisen, F., Wilson, S. (2003). Mapping 1995 global anthropogenic emissions of mercury. Atmospheric Environment, 37: 109-117.
  • Rovira, J., Mari, M., Schuhmavher, M., Nadal, M., Domingo, J. (2011). Monitoring Environmental Pollutants in the Vicinity of a Cement Plant: A Temporal Study. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 60: 372-384.
  • Sampei, Y., Matsumoto, E. (2001). C/N ratios in a sediment core from Nakaumi Lagoon, southwest Japan—Usefulness as an organic source indicator—. Geochemical Journal, 35: 189–205.
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Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Fiziksel Coğrafya ve Çevre Jeolojisi (Diğer)
Bölüm Research Articles
Yazarlar

Şakir Fural 0000-0002-1603-2424

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Fural, Ş. (2023). GIS Analysis of spatial-temporal variation of the ecological risk caused by element and organic pollutants in Lake Marmara (TURKIYE). International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 10(3), 139-153. https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.1336939

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