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Seçili Antidepresan Bileşiklerin Atıksu Arıtma Tesislerinde Tespiti, İzlenmesi ve Arıtılabilirliğinin İncelenmesi: Erzurum Kentsel Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi Örneği

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 104 - 118, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.59838/etoxec.1290552

Öz

Bu çalışmada Covid-19 pandemisi sonrası küresel ölçekte kullanımı hızla artan antidepresan (AD) gruba ait farmasötik bileşiklerden Mirtazepine, Citalopram, Escitalopram, Mianserin, Doxepin, Clomipramine, Opipramol’den oluşan 7 hedef bileşiğin Erzurum Kentsel AAT’nde kalıntılarının tespit edilmesi, izlenmesi ve arıtılabilirliklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla Aralık 2020-Kasım 2021 döneminde 12 ay boyunca numune alımı gerçekleştirilmiştir. Aynı zamanda biyolojik bir arıtma tesisi olan Erzurum Kentsel AAT giriş ve çıkış deşarj öncesi noktalarından alınan numunelerde hedef AD bileşiklerin tespit edilmesinden sonra tesisteki arıtılabilirlikleri incelenmiştir. AD gruba ait seçili farmasötik bileşik kalıntıları çalışma süresince tesisin giriş atıksu ve çıkış deşarj öncesi noktalarından alınan numunelerde önce sıvı-sıvı ekstraksiyon yöntemi kullanılarak etil asetat (EtOAc) ile yoğunlaştırılmış ardından LC-MS/MS metodu ile µg/L seviyesinde analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen analiz sonuçlarından yola çıkılarak 7 hedef AD farmasötik bileşiğin tesisteki arıtma verimi hesaplanmıştır. Aynı dönemde tesisten aylık olarak alınan iletkenlik, AKM, KOİ, BOİ5, TN’den oluşan tesis işletme parametrelerinin tesisteki giderim verimleri hesaplanarak, hedef AD farmasötik bileşiklerin arıtılabilirliği ile ilişkisi incelenmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • [1] WHO., WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard, https://covid19.who.int, Access Date: 7.01.2023., 2023.
  • [2] Pazzagli, L., Reutfors, J., Lucian, E., Zerial, G., Perulli, A., Castelpietra, G., Increased antidepressant use during the COVID-19 pandemic: Findings from the Friuli Venezia Giulia region, Italy, 2015–2020. Psychiatry Research, 315, 114704, 2022.
  • [3] Khan, R., Saxena, A., Shukla, S., Assessment of the impact of COVID‐19 lockdown on the heavy metal pollution in the River Gomti, Lucknow city, Uttar Pradesh, India. Environmental Quality Management, 31(4), 41-49, 2022.
  • [4] World Health Organization WHO., World Health Organization Global Burden of Disease; 2004 Update. WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2008.
  • [5] İstanbulluoğlu, H. ve Kır, T., Sularda ilaç kirliliği. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 15(5), 2016.
  • [6] Akkurt, Ş., Oğuz, M., Atıksu Arıtma Tesislerinde Mikro Kirleticilerin Arıtılabilirliği Treatments of Micro Pollutants in Wastewater Treatment Plants. In KSU J Eng Sci, Vol. 22, Issue 2, 2019.
  • [7] Aus der Beek, T., Weber, F. A., Bergmann, A., Hickmann, S., Ebert, I., Hein, A., Küster, A., Pharmaceuticals in the environment—Global occurrences and perspectives. Environmental toxicology and chemistry, 35(4), 823-835, 2016.
  • [8] Dökmeci, A. H., Bazı farmasötik ilaç kalıntılarının sulardaki toksik etkileri. Doktora tezi, Trakya Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Edirne, Türkiye, 2009.
  • [9] Saygı, Ş., Battal, D., Şahin, N., Çevre ve insan sağlığı yönünden ilaç atıklarının önemi. Marmara Pharmaceutical Journal, 16 (2), 82-90, 2012.
  • [10] Anonymous 2023a. Pharmaceutical: therapeutic substance, https://www.britannica.com/, Access Date: 7.01.2023, 2023.
  • [11] Anonymous 2015a. USP Therapeutic Categories Model Guidelines, https://www.fda.gov, Access Date: 21.11.2022, 2015.
  • [12] Caracciolo, A. B., Topp, E., Grenni, P., Pharmaceuticals in the environment: biodegradation and effects on natural microbial communities. A review. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 106, 25-36, 2015.
  • [13] Diaz-Camal, N., Cardoso-Vera, J. D., Islas-Flores, H., Gómez-Oliván, L. M., Mejía-García, A., Consumption and ocurrence of antidepressants (SSRIs) in pre-and post-COVID-19 pandemic, their environmental impact and innovative removal methods: A review. Science of The Total Environment, 154656, 2022.
  • [14] Melchor-Martínez, E. M., Jiménez-Rodríguez, M. G., Martínez-Ruiz, M., Peña-Benavides, S. A., Iqbal, H. M., Parra-Saldívar, R., Sosa-Hernández, J. E., Antidepressants surveillance in wastewater: Overview extraction and detection. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 3, 100074, 2021.
  • [15] Pivetta, R. C., Rodrigues-Silva, C., Ribeiro, A. R., Rath, S., Tracking the occurrence of psychotropic pharmaceuticals in Brazilian wastewater treatment plants and surface water, with assessment of environmental risks. Science of the Total Environment, 727, 138661, 2020.
  • [16] Gornik, T., Kovacic, A., Heath, E., Hollender, J., Kosjek, T., Biotransformation study of antidepressant sertraline and its removal during biological wastewater treatment. Water Research, 181, 115864, 2020.
  • [17] Melchor-Martínez, E. M., Jiménez-Rodríguez, M. G., Martínez-Ruiz, M., Peña-Benavides, S. A., Iqbal, H. M., Parra-Saldívar, R., Sosa-Hernández, J. E., Antidepressants surveillance in wastewater: Overview extraction and detection. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 3, 100074, 2021.
  • [18] Metcalfe, C. D., Chu, S., Judt, C., Li, H., Oakes, K. D., Servos, M. R., & Andrews, D. M., Antidepressants and their metabolites in municipal wastewater, and downstream exposure in an urban watershed. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 29(1), 79-89, 2010.
  • [19] Słoczyńska, K., Orzeł, J., Murzyn, A., Popiół, J., Gunia-Krzyżak, A., Koczurkiewicz-Adamczyk, P., & Pękala, E., Antidepressant pharmaceuticals in aquatic systems, individual-level ecotoxicological effects: growth, survival and behavior. Aquatic Toxicology, 106554, 2023.
  • [20] Golbaz, S., Zamanzadeh, M., Yaghmaeian, K., Nabizadeh, R., Rastkari, N., & Esfahani, H., Occurrence and removal of psychiatric pharmaceuticals in the Tehran South Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(10), 27041-27055, 2023.
  • [21] Yılmaz, C., Sakarya ilinde kanalizasyon sularında ilaç bileşiklerinin araştırılması. Yüksek lisans tezi, Sakarya Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Sakarya, Türkiye, 2019.
  • [22] Sarıkaya, M., Antidepresan ilaç kalıntılarının atık sularda izlenmesi için kromatografik yöntem geliştirilmesi. Yüksek lisans tezi, Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Sivas, Türkiye, 2020.
  • [23] USEPA., Final Report: The Environmental Occurrence, Fate, and Ecotoxicity of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) in Aquatic Environments, https://cfpub.epa.gov/, Access Date: 21.12.2022, 2007.
  • [24] Schultz, M. M., Furlong, E. T., Kolpin, D. W., Werner, S. L., Schoenfuss, H. L., Barber, L. B., ... & Vajda, A. M., Antidepressant pharmaceuticals in two US effluent-impacted streams: occurrence and fate in water and sediment, and selective uptake in fish neural tissue. Environmental science & technology, 44(6), 1918-1925, 2010.
  • [25] Wawryniuk, M., Pietrzak, A., Nałęcz-Jawecki, G., Evaluation of direct and indirect photodegradation of mianserin with high-performance liquid chromatography and short-term bioassays. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 115, 144-151., 2015.
  • [26] Rezka, P., & Balcerzak, W., Occurrence Of Antidepressants–From Wastewater To Drinking Water Występowanie Leków Przeciwdepresyjnych–Ze Ścieków Do Wody Uzdatnionej, 2016.
  • [27] Sönmez, G., İleri oksidasyon prosesleri ile bazı ilaç kalıntılarının giderimi. Doktora Tezi, Aksaray Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Aksaray, Türkiye, 2015.
  • [28] Couto, C. F., Lange, L. C., Amaral, M. C., Occurrence, fate and removal of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in water and wastewater treatment plants—A review. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 32, 100927, 2019.
  • [29] NIH, PubChem: National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2023.
  • [30] Gojkovic, Z., Lindberg, R. H., Tysklind, M., Funk, C., Northern green algae have the capacity to remove active pharmaceutical ingredients. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 170, 644-656, 2019.
  • [31] Moreira, D. G., Aires, A., de Lourdes Pereira, M., Oliveira, M., Levels and effects of antidepressant drugs to aquatic organisms. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, 109322, 2022.
  • [32] Singh, A., Saidulu, D., Gupta, A. K., Kubsad, V., Occurrence and fate of antidepressants in the aquatic environment: Insights into toxicological effects on the aquatic life, analytical methods, and removal techniques. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 109012, 2022.
  • [33] Giebułtowicz, J., & Nałęcz-Jawecki, G., Occurrence of antidepressant residues in the sewage-impacted Vistula and Utrata rivers and in tap water in Warsaw, Poland. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 104, 103-109, 2014.
  • [34] Wu, M., Xiang, J., Que, C., Chen, F., Xu, G., Occurrence and fate of psychiatric pharmaceuticals in the urban water system of Shanghai, China. Chemosphere, 138, 486-493, 2015.
  • [35] Castillo-Zacarías, C., Barocio, M. E., Hidalgo-Vázquez, E., Sosa-Hernández, J. E., Parra-Arroyo, L., López-Pacheco, I. Y., ... & Parra-Saldívar, R., Antidepressant drugs as emerging contaminants: Occurrence in urban and non-urban waters and analytical methods for their detection. Science of the Total Environment, 757, 143722, 2021..

The Detection, Monitoring and Treatability Studies of Selected Antidepressants in Wastewater Treatment Plants: The Case Study for Erzurum Urban Wastewater Treatment Plant

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 104 - 118, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.59838/etoxec.1290552

Öz

In this study, it was aimed to detect and monitor the 7 target residuals compounds consisting of Mirtazepine, Citalopram, Escitalopram, Mianserin, Doxepin, Clomipramine, Opipramol belonging to the antidepressant group of pharmaceuticals, increased using rapidly after the Covid-19 pandemic, in Erzurum Urban WWTP during 12 months between December 2020-November 202 post-pandemic period. Erzurum Urban WWTP is a biological treatment plant, after the determination of the target antidepressant compounds in the samples taken from the wastewater inlet and outlet before the discharge points, their treatability in the facility was also examined. Samples taken from the inlet wastewater and outlet pre-discharge points of the WWTP were first concentrated with ethyl acetate (EtOAc) using the liquid-liquid extraction method and then it was analyzed at the µg/L level via LC-MS/MS method. Based on the analysis results, the treatment efficiency of 7 target pharmaceutical compounds in the facility was calculated. In the same period, the removal efficiencies of the plant operating parameters, consisting of conductivity, AKM, COD, BOD5, TN, taken monthly from the plant, were also calculated and their relationship with the treatability of the target pharmaceutical compounds was investigated.

Kaynakça

  • [1] WHO., WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard, https://covid19.who.int, Access Date: 7.01.2023., 2023.
  • [2] Pazzagli, L., Reutfors, J., Lucian, E., Zerial, G., Perulli, A., Castelpietra, G., Increased antidepressant use during the COVID-19 pandemic: Findings from the Friuli Venezia Giulia region, Italy, 2015–2020. Psychiatry Research, 315, 114704, 2022.
  • [3] Khan, R., Saxena, A., Shukla, S., Assessment of the impact of COVID‐19 lockdown on the heavy metal pollution in the River Gomti, Lucknow city, Uttar Pradesh, India. Environmental Quality Management, 31(4), 41-49, 2022.
  • [4] World Health Organization WHO., World Health Organization Global Burden of Disease; 2004 Update. WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2008.
  • [5] İstanbulluoğlu, H. ve Kır, T., Sularda ilaç kirliliği. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 15(5), 2016.
  • [6] Akkurt, Ş., Oğuz, M., Atıksu Arıtma Tesislerinde Mikro Kirleticilerin Arıtılabilirliği Treatments of Micro Pollutants in Wastewater Treatment Plants. In KSU J Eng Sci, Vol. 22, Issue 2, 2019.
  • [7] Aus der Beek, T., Weber, F. A., Bergmann, A., Hickmann, S., Ebert, I., Hein, A., Küster, A., Pharmaceuticals in the environment—Global occurrences and perspectives. Environmental toxicology and chemistry, 35(4), 823-835, 2016.
  • [8] Dökmeci, A. H., Bazı farmasötik ilaç kalıntılarının sulardaki toksik etkileri. Doktora tezi, Trakya Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Edirne, Türkiye, 2009.
  • [9] Saygı, Ş., Battal, D., Şahin, N., Çevre ve insan sağlığı yönünden ilaç atıklarının önemi. Marmara Pharmaceutical Journal, 16 (2), 82-90, 2012.
  • [10] Anonymous 2023a. Pharmaceutical: therapeutic substance, https://www.britannica.com/, Access Date: 7.01.2023, 2023.
  • [11] Anonymous 2015a. USP Therapeutic Categories Model Guidelines, https://www.fda.gov, Access Date: 21.11.2022, 2015.
  • [12] Caracciolo, A. B., Topp, E., Grenni, P., Pharmaceuticals in the environment: biodegradation and effects on natural microbial communities. A review. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 106, 25-36, 2015.
  • [13] Diaz-Camal, N., Cardoso-Vera, J. D., Islas-Flores, H., Gómez-Oliván, L. M., Mejía-García, A., Consumption and ocurrence of antidepressants (SSRIs) in pre-and post-COVID-19 pandemic, their environmental impact and innovative removal methods: A review. Science of The Total Environment, 154656, 2022.
  • [14] Melchor-Martínez, E. M., Jiménez-Rodríguez, M. G., Martínez-Ruiz, M., Peña-Benavides, S. A., Iqbal, H. M., Parra-Saldívar, R., Sosa-Hernández, J. E., Antidepressants surveillance in wastewater: Overview extraction and detection. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 3, 100074, 2021.
  • [15] Pivetta, R. C., Rodrigues-Silva, C., Ribeiro, A. R., Rath, S., Tracking the occurrence of psychotropic pharmaceuticals in Brazilian wastewater treatment plants and surface water, with assessment of environmental risks. Science of the Total Environment, 727, 138661, 2020.
  • [16] Gornik, T., Kovacic, A., Heath, E., Hollender, J., Kosjek, T., Biotransformation study of antidepressant sertraline and its removal during biological wastewater treatment. Water Research, 181, 115864, 2020.
  • [17] Melchor-Martínez, E. M., Jiménez-Rodríguez, M. G., Martínez-Ruiz, M., Peña-Benavides, S. A., Iqbal, H. M., Parra-Saldívar, R., Sosa-Hernández, J. E., Antidepressants surveillance in wastewater: Overview extraction and detection. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 3, 100074, 2021.
  • [18] Metcalfe, C. D., Chu, S., Judt, C., Li, H., Oakes, K. D., Servos, M. R., & Andrews, D. M., Antidepressants and their metabolites in municipal wastewater, and downstream exposure in an urban watershed. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 29(1), 79-89, 2010.
  • [19] Słoczyńska, K., Orzeł, J., Murzyn, A., Popiół, J., Gunia-Krzyżak, A., Koczurkiewicz-Adamczyk, P., & Pękala, E., Antidepressant pharmaceuticals in aquatic systems, individual-level ecotoxicological effects: growth, survival and behavior. Aquatic Toxicology, 106554, 2023.
  • [20] Golbaz, S., Zamanzadeh, M., Yaghmaeian, K., Nabizadeh, R., Rastkari, N., & Esfahani, H., Occurrence and removal of psychiatric pharmaceuticals in the Tehran South Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(10), 27041-27055, 2023.
  • [21] Yılmaz, C., Sakarya ilinde kanalizasyon sularında ilaç bileşiklerinin araştırılması. Yüksek lisans tezi, Sakarya Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Sakarya, Türkiye, 2019.
  • [22] Sarıkaya, M., Antidepresan ilaç kalıntılarının atık sularda izlenmesi için kromatografik yöntem geliştirilmesi. Yüksek lisans tezi, Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Sivas, Türkiye, 2020.
  • [23] USEPA., Final Report: The Environmental Occurrence, Fate, and Ecotoxicity of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) in Aquatic Environments, https://cfpub.epa.gov/, Access Date: 21.12.2022, 2007.
  • [24] Schultz, M. M., Furlong, E. T., Kolpin, D. W., Werner, S. L., Schoenfuss, H. L., Barber, L. B., ... & Vajda, A. M., Antidepressant pharmaceuticals in two US effluent-impacted streams: occurrence and fate in water and sediment, and selective uptake in fish neural tissue. Environmental science & technology, 44(6), 1918-1925, 2010.
  • [25] Wawryniuk, M., Pietrzak, A., Nałęcz-Jawecki, G., Evaluation of direct and indirect photodegradation of mianserin with high-performance liquid chromatography and short-term bioassays. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 115, 144-151., 2015.
  • [26] Rezka, P., & Balcerzak, W., Occurrence Of Antidepressants–From Wastewater To Drinking Water Występowanie Leków Przeciwdepresyjnych–Ze Ścieków Do Wody Uzdatnionej, 2016.
  • [27] Sönmez, G., İleri oksidasyon prosesleri ile bazı ilaç kalıntılarının giderimi. Doktora Tezi, Aksaray Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Aksaray, Türkiye, 2015.
  • [28] Couto, C. F., Lange, L. C., Amaral, M. C., Occurrence, fate and removal of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in water and wastewater treatment plants—A review. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 32, 100927, 2019.
  • [29] NIH, PubChem: National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2023.
  • [30] Gojkovic, Z., Lindberg, R. H., Tysklind, M., Funk, C., Northern green algae have the capacity to remove active pharmaceutical ingredients. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 170, 644-656, 2019.
  • [31] Moreira, D. G., Aires, A., de Lourdes Pereira, M., Oliveira, M., Levels and effects of antidepressant drugs to aquatic organisms. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, 109322, 2022.
  • [32] Singh, A., Saidulu, D., Gupta, A. K., Kubsad, V., Occurrence and fate of antidepressants in the aquatic environment: Insights into toxicological effects on the aquatic life, analytical methods, and removal techniques. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 109012, 2022.
  • [33] Giebułtowicz, J., & Nałęcz-Jawecki, G., Occurrence of antidepressant residues in the sewage-impacted Vistula and Utrata rivers and in tap water in Warsaw, Poland. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 104, 103-109, 2014.
  • [34] Wu, M., Xiang, J., Que, C., Chen, F., Xu, G., Occurrence and fate of psychiatric pharmaceuticals in the urban water system of Shanghai, China. Chemosphere, 138, 486-493, 2015.
  • [35] Castillo-Zacarías, C., Barocio, M. E., Hidalgo-Vázquez, E., Sosa-Hernández, J. E., Parra-Arroyo, L., López-Pacheco, I. Y., ... & Parra-Saldívar, R., Antidepressant drugs as emerging contaminants: Occurrence in urban and non-urban waters and analytical methods for their detection. Science of the Total Environment, 757, 143722, 2021..
Toplam 35 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Çevre Mühendisliği
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Nuray Erdoğdu 0000-0002-8137-0120

Zeynep Eren 0000-0003-1633-2547

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

IEEE N. Erdoğdu ve Z. Eren, “Seçili Antidepresan Bileşiklerin Atıksu Arıtma Tesislerinde Tespiti, İzlenmesi ve Arıtılabilirliğinin İncelenmesi: Erzurum Kentsel Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi Örneği”, Etoxec, c. 3, sy. 2, ss. 104–118, 2023, doi: 10.59838/etoxec.1290552.