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THE EFFECTS OF AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES AND THEIR SHARED USE ON PARKING AND LAND USES IN URBAN AREAS

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 189 - 202, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.58317/eksen.1185751

Öz

Although recent studies on autonomous vehicles and their shared use have explored the traffic, cost, and environmental impacts of this technology, little is known about how these vehicles can change urban space and urban forms, particularly with its impact on urban land uses by reducing parking demand. Autonomous vehicles are computer-controlled; they can pick up passengers from one point and drop them off at another, and then select parking spaces from remote locations. In addition to the many advantages of self-parking, it is anticipated that this will create a different parking demand from human drivers. This study evaluated how autonomous vehicles and shared use will affect the parking lot supply and demand and the possible effects of the changing land use on the city. According to the findings of the study, it can be expected that when autonomous vehicles are shared, they can reduce the demand for parking, enable more efficient use of existing parking spaces, and accordingly, decrease the number of parking spaces and roadside parking in the city center. Thus, in the city centers where it is difficult to find new areas and where the rent is high, the acquired areas can be used to improve the quality of life of the citizens through social and recreational uses. In addition, fairer and equal transportation opportunities and more accessible cities can be offered to the citizens. However, when the right policies are not followed, demand may cause congestion in the city center, leading to denser city centers, which can trigger urban sprawl, and therefore result in the destruction of uninhabited natural areas and new infrastructure costs imposed on the citizens.

Kaynakça

  • Alessandrini, A., Campagna, A., Delle Site, P., Filippi, F. ve Persian, L. (2015). Automated vehicles and the rethinking of mobility and cities. Transportation Research Procedia, 5, 145–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2015.01.002.
  • Anderson, J. M., Kalra, N., Stanley, K. D., Sorensen, P., Samaras, C. ve Oluwatola, O. A. (2014). Autonomous Vehicle Technology. A guide for policymakers. Rand Corporation, Santa Monica. Web adresinden 2 Haziran 2022 tarihinde erişildi: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR443-2.html.
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  • Bischoff, J. ve Maciejewski, M. (2016). Autonomous Taxicabs in Berlin – A Spatiotemporal Analysis of Service Performance. Transportation Research Procedia, 19, 176–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2016.12.078
  • Burns, L. D., Jordan, W. C. ve Scarborough, B. A. (2013). Transforming personal mobility. Technical Report. The Earth Institute, Columbia University.
  • Capp, J. ve Litkouhi, B. (2014). The rise of the crash-proof car: When cars won’t let drivers make mistakes, crashes may become a thing of the past. IEEE Spectrum, 51(5), 32–37. https://doi.org/10.1109/MSPEC.2014.6808459
  • Chester, M. ve Horvath, A. (2009). A. Life-Cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, Chicago Rail, and New York City Rail (No. UCB-ITS-VWP-2009-2). University of California: Berkeley, CA, USA.
  • Chester, M., Horvath, A. ve Madanat, S. (2010). Parking infrastructure: Energy, emissions, and automobile life-cycle environmental accounting. Environmental Research Letters, 5(3), 1-8.
  • CMAP (Nisan 2012). Parking Strategies to Support Livable Communities, Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning. Web adresinden 27 Aralık 2022 tarihinde erişildi: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5cab831bf4e53154e18356c3/t/5cf82ee464b9ff0001d23dec/1559768822327/Parking-Strategies-to-Support-Livable-Communities-CMAP.pdf
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  • DuPuis, N., Martin, C. ve Rainwater, B. (2015). City of the future: Technology and mobility. Center for City Solutions and Applied Research, National League of Cities. Web adresinden 22 Aralık 2022 tarihinde erişildi: https://www.nlc.org/resource/city-of-the-future-technology-mobility
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  • Filatov, D. M. ve Serykh, E. V. (2016). Intellegence autonomous parking control system of four-wheeled vehicle. 2016 XIX IEEE International Conference on Soft Computing and Measurements (SCM), 25-27 Mayıs 2016 içinde (ss. 154-156). IEEE.
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  • González-González, E., Nogués, S. ve Stead, D. (2020). Parking futures: Preparing European cities for the advent of automated vehicles. Land Use Policy, 91, 104010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.05.029
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SÜRÜCÜSÜZ TAŞITLAR VE PAYLAŞIMLI KULLANIMININ KENTSEL ALANDA OTOPARK VE ARAZİ KULLANIMLARI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 189 - 202, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.58317/eksen.1185751

Öz

Sürücüsüz taşıtlar ve paylaşımlı kullanımları üzerine yapılan son çalışmalar bu teknolojinin trafik, maliyet ve çevresel etkilerini araştırmış olsa da özellikle bu taşıtların otopark talebini azaltarak kentsel arazi kullanımları üzerindeki etkisi ile kentsel mekânı ve kent formlarını nasıl değiştirebileceği hakkında çok az şey bilinmektedir. Sürücüsüz taşıtlar bilgisayar tarafından kontrol edilirler, yolcuları bir noktadan alıp başka bir noktaya bırakabilir ve daha sonra uzak lokasyonlardan park yeri seçebilirler. Kendi kendine park etmenin birçok avantajı bulunmasının yanı sıra bunun insan sürücülerden farklı otopark talebi yaratacağı da öngörülmektedir. Bu çalışmada literatürde yer alan simülasyon ve modelleme temelli çalışmalardan yola çıkarak sürücüsüz taşıtlar ve paylaşımlı kullanımının otopark arz ve talebini nasıl etkileyeceği ve buna bağlı olarak değişen arazi kullanımının kente olası etkileri değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma bulgularına göre sürücüsüz taşıtların paylaşıldığında otopark talebini azaltabileceği, mevcut otopark alanlarının daha verimli kullanılmasını sağlayabileceği, buna bağlı olarak kent merkezinde otopark alanlarının ve yol kenarı parklanmasının azalabileceği beklenebilir. Böylelikle yeni alan bulmanın zor olduğu ve rantın yüksek olduğu kent merkezlerinde kazanılan yeni alanların, sosyal ve rekreasyon gibi kullanımlar için ayrılarak kentlilerin yaşam kalitesinin iyileştirilmesi için değerlendirilebileceği söylenebilir. Ayrıca kentlilere daha adil ve eşit bir ulaşım imkânı ve daha erişilebilir kentler sunulabilir. Ancak doğru politikalar izlenmediğinde talebin kışkırtılarak kent merkezinde sıkışıklığa neden olabileceği, daha yoğun kent merkezlerine yol açabileceği, kentsel saçaklanmayı tetikleyebileceği ve bu sebeple yerleşime açılmamış doğal alanların tahribine ve kentlilere yüklenen yeni altyapı maliyetleri sonucunu doğurabileceği de düşünülmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Alessandrini, A., Campagna, A., Delle Site, P., Filippi, F. ve Persian, L. (2015). Automated vehicles and the rethinking of mobility and cities. Transportation Research Procedia, 5, 145–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2015.01.002.
  • Anderson, J. M., Kalra, N., Stanley, K. D., Sorensen, P., Samaras, C. ve Oluwatola, O. A. (2014). Autonomous Vehicle Technology. A guide for policymakers. Rand Corporation, Santa Monica. Web adresinden 2 Haziran 2022 tarihinde erişildi: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR443-2.html.
  • Begg, D. (2014). A 2050 Vision for London: What Are the Implications of Driverless Transport? Web adresinden 18 Mayıs 2022 tarihinde erişildi: http://www.transporttimes.co.uk/Admin/uploads/64165-Transport-Times_A-2050-Vision-for-London_AW-WEB-READY.pdf
  • Ben-Joseph, E. (2012). ReThinking a lot: The design and culture of parking. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Bertoncello, M. ve Wee, D. (2015). Ten ways autonomous driving could redefine the automotive world. Newyork: McKinsey ve Company, Web adresinden 10 Mayıs 2022 tarihinde erişildi: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/automotive-and-assembly/our-insights/ten-ways-autonomous-driving-could-redefine-the-automotive-world
  • Bischoff, J. ve Maciejewski, M. (2016). Autonomous Taxicabs in Berlin – A Spatiotemporal Analysis of Service Performance. Transportation Research Procedia, 19, 176–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2016.12.078
  • Burns, L. D., Jordan, W. C. ve Scarborough, B. A. (2013). Transforming personal mobility. Technical Report. The Earth Institute, Columbia University.
  • Capp, J. ve Litkouhi, B. (2014). The rise of the crash-proof car: When cars won’t let drivers make mistakes, crashes may become a thing of the past. IEEE Spectrum, 51(5), 32–37. https://doi.org/10.1109/MSPEC.2014.6808459
  • Chester, M. ve Horvath, A. (2009). A. Life-Cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, Chicago Rail, and New York City Rail (No. UCB-ITS-VWP-2009-2). University of California: Berkeley, CA, USA.
  • Chester, M., Horvath, A. ve Madanat, S. (2010). Parking infrastructure: Energy, emissions, and automobile life-cycle environmental accounting. Environmental Research Letters, 5(3), 1-8.
  • CMAP (Nisan 2012). Parking Strategies to Support Livable Communities, Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning. Web adresinden 27 Aralık 2022 tarihinde erişildi: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5cab831bf4e53154e18356c3/t/5cf82ee464b9ff0001d23dec/1559768822327/Parking-Strategies-to-Support-Livable-Communities-CMAP.pdf
  • Duarte, F. ve Ratti, C. (2018). The impact of autonomous vehicles on cities: A review. Journal of Urban Technology, 25(4), 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2018.1493883
  • DuPuis, N., Martin, C. ve Rainwater, B. (2015). City of the future: Technology and mobility. Center for City Solutions and Applied Research, National League of Cities. Web adresinden 22 Aralık 2022 tarihinde erişildi: https://www.nlc.org/resource/city-of-the-future-technology-mobility
  • Emberger, G. ve Pfaffenbichler, P. (2020). A quantitative analysis of potential impacts of automated vehicles in Austria using a dynamic integrated land use and transport interaction model. Transport Policy, 98, 57-67.
  • Fagnant, D. J. ve Kockelman, K. M. (2014). The travel and environmental implications of shared autonomous vehicles, using agent-based model scenarios. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 40, 1–13.
  • Fragnant, D. J. ve Kockelman, K. M. (2015). Preparing a nation for autonomous vehicles: Opportunities, barriers and policy recommendations. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 77, 167–181.
  • Filatov, D. M. ve Serykh, E. V. (2016). Intellegence autonomous parking control system of four-wheeled vehicle. 2016 XIX IEEE International Conference on Soft Computing and Measurements (SCM), 25-27 Mayıs 2016 içinde (ss. 154-156). IEEE.
  • Friedrich, B. (2015). Verkehrliche wirkung autonomer fahrzeuge. Maurer, M., Gerdes, C. J., Lenz, B., Winner, H (Der.) Autonomes Fahren: Technische, rechtliche und gesellschaftliche Aspekte içinde (ss. 331-350). Berlin: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-45854-9_16
  • Glancy, D. J. (2015). Autonomous and automated and connected cars-oh my: First generation autonomous cars in the legal ecosystem. The Minnesota Journal of Law, Science & Technology, 16(2), 619-691.
  • González-González, E., Nogués, S. ve Stead, D. (2020). Parking futures: Preparing European cities for the advent of automated vehicles. Land Use Policy, 91, 104010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.05.029
  • Grinberg, I. ve Wiseman, Y. (2007). Scalable Parallel Collision Detection Simulation, Signal and Image Processing, 8 Ağustos 2007 içinde (ss. 380-385). Honolulu, Hawaii.
  • Grinberg, I. ve Wiseman, Y. (2013). Scalable parallel simulator for vehicular collision detection. International Journal of Vehicle Systems Modelling and Testing, 8(2), 119-144.
  • Grush, B., Niles, J. ve Baum, E. (2016). Ontario Must Prepare for Vehicle Automation: Automated vehicles can influence urban form, congestion and infrastructure delivery. RCCAO. Web adresinden 10 Eylül 2022 tarihinde erişildi: http://rccao.com/research/files/RCCAO_Vehicle-Automation_OCT2016_WEB.pdf
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  • Kirschner, F. ve Lanzendorf, M. (2020). Support for innovative on-street parking policies: Empirical evidence from an urban neighborhood. Journal of Transport Geography, 85, 102726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102726
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  • Koul, S. ve Eydgahi, A. (2020). The Impact of Social Influence, Technophobia, and Perceived Safety on Autonomous Vehicle Technology Adoption. Periodica Polytechnica Transport Engineering, 48(2), 133–142.
  • Kovacs-Györi, A., Cabrera-Barona, P., Resch, B., Mehaffy, M. ve Blaschke, T. (2019). Assessing and representing livability through the analysis of residential preference. Sustainability, 11(18), 4934. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11184934
  • Kramer, L. S. ve Mandel, S. (2015). Cell Phone Lots at Airports. ACRP Synthesis Report 62, Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
  • Kumar, S., Shi, L., Ahmed, N., Gil, S., Katabi, D. ve Rus, D. (2012). Carspeak: A content-centric network for autonomous driving. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 42(4), 259–270.
  • Levinson, D. (2015). Climbing mount next: the effects of autonomous vehicles on society. Minnesota Journal of Law Science & Technology, 16(2), 787-809.
  • Li, T., Guo, F., Krishnan, R., Sivakumar, A. ve Polak, J. (2020). Right-of-way reallocation for mixed flow of autonomous vehicles and human driven vehicles. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 115, 102630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2020.102630
  • Lipson, H. ve Kurman, M. (2016). Driverless: Intelligent cars and the road ahead. Cambridge MA: Mit Press.
  • Litman, T. A. (2017). Autonomous vehicle implementation predictions. Victoria, Kanada: Victoria Transport Policy Institute.
  • Litman, T. A. (2021). Parking Management-Strategies, Evaluation and Planning Abstract. Victoria, Kanada: Victoria Transport Policy Institute.
  • Martinez, L. M. ve Viegas, J. M. (2017). Assessing the impacts of deploying a shared self-driving urban mobility system: An agent-based model applied to the city of Lisbon, Portugal. International Journal of Transportation Science and Technology, 6(1), 13–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtst.2017.05.005
  • Mena-Oreja, J., Gozalvez, J. ve Sepulcre, M. (2018). Effect of the configuration of platooning maneuvers on the traffic flow under mixed traffic scenarios. IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC), 5-7 Kasım 2018 (ss. 1–4). Taipei, Taiwan: IEEE.
  • Milakis, D., Van Arem, B. ve Van Wee, B. (2017). Policy and society related implications of automated driving: A review of literature and directions for future research. Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems, 21(4), 324-348.
  • Millard-Ball, A. (2018). Pedestrians, Autonomous Vehicles, and Cities. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 38(1), 6–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X16675674
  • Millard-Ball, A. (2019). The autonomous vehicle parking problem. Transport Policy, 75, 99-108.
  • Moavenzadeh, J. ve Lang, N. S. (2018). Reshaping urban mobility with autonomous vehicles: Lessons from the city of boston. World Economic Forum, 27 Haziran 2018 içinde (ss. 3–33). İsviçre
  • Naus, G., Vugts, R., Ploeg, J., van de Molengraft, R. ve Steinbuch, M. (2010). Cooperative adaptive cruise control, design and experiments. American Control Conference, ACC 2010, 30 Haziran- 2 Temmuz 2010 içinde (ss. 6145–6150). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/acc.2010.5531596
  • Nourinejad, M., Bahrami, S. ve Roorda, M. J. (2018). Designing parking facilities for autonomous vehicles Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 109, 110-127.
  • Nunes, P., Figueiredo, R. ve Brito, M. C. (2016). The use of parking lots to solar-charge electric vehicles. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 66, 679–693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.08.015
  • Olia, A., Razavi, S., Abdulhai, B. ve Abdelgawad, H. (2018). Traffic capacity implications of automated vehicles mixed with regular vehicles. Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems: Technology, Planning, and Operations, 22(3), 244–262. https://doi.org/10.1080/15472450.2017.1404680
  • Pakusch, C., Stevens, G., Boden, A. ve Bossauer, P. (2018). Unintended effects of autonomous driving: A study on mobility preferences in the future. Sustainability, 10(7), 2404. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072404
  • Parker, M. R. ve Demetsky, M. J. (1980). Evaluation of parking management strategies for urban areas. Final Report. Charlottesville, Virginia: Virginia Highway & Transportation Research Council No: VHTRC 81-R9.
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  • SAE, S. (2014). International: on-road automated vehicle standards committee. Taxonomy and definitions for terms related to on-road motor vehicle automated driving systems, information report. SAE Standard J, 3016, 1-16.
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  • Schlossberg, M., Riggs, B., Millard-Ball, A. ve Shay, E. (25 Ocak 2018). Rethinking the street in an era of driverless cars. Urbanism Next, Eugene. Web adresinden 12 Kasım 2022 tarihinde erişildi: https://urbanismnext.uoregon.edu/ 2018/01/25/new-report-rethinking-the-street-in-an-era-of-driverless-cars/.
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  • Tientrakool, P., Ho, Y. C. ve Maxemchuk, N. F. (2011). Highway capacity benefits from using vehicle-to-vehicle communication and sensors for collision avoidance. 2011 IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Fall),05-08 Eylül 2011 içinde (ss. 1–5). San Francisco, CA, ABD: IEEE.
  • Weinberger, R., Kaehny, J. ve Rufo, M. (2010). US parking policies: An overview of management strategies. New York: Institute for Transportation & Development Policy.
  • Wiseman, Y. (2017). Remote parking for autonomous vehicles. International Journal of Hybrid Information Technology, 10(1), 313-324.
  • Yan, C., Xu, W. ve Liu, J. (2016). Can you trust autonomous vehicles: Contactless attacks against sensors of self-driving vehicle. Def Con 24, 4-7 Ağustos 2016 içinde (ss: 109-121). Las Vegas, ABD.
  • Yetim, S. (2016). Sürücüsüz araçlar ve getirdiği/getireceği hukuki sorunlar. Ankara Barosu Dergisi, (1), 27-184.
  • Zakharenko, R. (2016). Self-driving cars will change cities. Regional science and urban economics, 61, 26-37.
  • Zhang, W. (2017). The interaction between land use and transportation in the era of shared autonomous vehicles: A simulation model. (Doktora Tezi). Georgia Institute of Technology.
  • Zhang, W. ve Guhathakurta, S. (2017). Parking spaces in the age of shared autonomous vehicles: How much parking will we need and where? Transportation Research Record, 2651(1), 80–91. https://doi.org/10.3141/2651-09
  • Zhang, W., Guhathakurta, S., Fang, J. ve Zhang, G. (2015). Exploring the impact of shared autonomous vehicles on urban parking demand: An agent-based simulation approach. Sustainable Cities and Society, 19, 34-45.
Toplam 78 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Kentsel Politika
Bölüm Derleme Makaleler
Yazarlar

İrem Merve Ulu 0000-0002-3853-3860

Hilmi Evren Erdin 0000-0002-3350-8930

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 22 Haziran 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Ulu, İ. M., & Erdin, H. E. (2023). SÜRÜCÜSÜZ TAŞITLAR VE PAYLAŞIMLI KULLANIMININ KENTSEL ALANDA OTOPARK VE ARAZİ KULLANIMLARI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ. EKSEN Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(1), 189-202. https://doi.org/10.58317/eksen.1185751