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Possible Opportunities and Threats in Operating a Fully Automatic Driverless Mainline Train in Türkiye

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 19, 109 - 120, 31.01.2024

Üsame Ekici Mehmet Emin Akay

https://doi.org/10.47072/demiryolu.1377604

Öz

As there have been various technological improvements, human power is going to be less needed. Driverless trains are seen to be the latest achievement in railway industry. They prevent trains from accidents caused by human errors. Additionally, they increase punctuality, frequency and decrease energy consumption and human labour cost. On the other hand, almost all the worker unions are against keeping railway workers out of their works or switching to automation. Also, the potential dangers near the railway track can be seen by well-trained drivers but sometimes cannot be detected by computers although they have obstacle detection. Also, fully automated systems are vulnerable to cyber-attacks and must be protected very well. Besides, psychological surveys show that passengers get anxious when they cannot see any officer in train, so it makes people travel less comfortable. In this study, advantages, and disadvantages of running mainline trains driverless are given in detail, and suggestions are made on that the existing driverless metro trains should be watched and analyzed more also deeply to gain experiences.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Driverless train Fully automated system Intercity rail travel High Speed Rail Türkiye

Kaynakça

  • [1] WSP. “Challenges and opportunities for automation of rail operations.” Thornhill: Transport Canada, 2022.
  • [2] S. Rangra, W. Schön, M. Sallak, & F. Belmonte, “Risk and safety analysis of main line autonomous train.” 21e Congrès de Maîtrise des Risques et Sûreté de Fonctionnement λμ21 Reims 16-18 octobre 2018.
  • [3] Railway Technology “Justifying automation,” 2011 [Online] Available: https://www.railway-technology.com/features/feature127703/?cf-view (Erişim tarihi: 29.03.2023)
  • [4] Siemens, “Fact sheet”. Corporate Communications and Government Affairs, Siemens AG, München, 2012.
  • [5] Wikipedia “Automatic Train Operation,” 2023 [Online] Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_Train_Operation - (Erişim tarihi: 29.03.2023)
  • [6] CNN “World’s first 350km-per-hour driverless bullet train goes into service in China,” 2020 [Online] Available: https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/driverless-bullet-train-china/index.html (Erişim tarihi: 29.03.2023)
  • [7] R. Tang L. De Donato N. Besinović, F. Flammini R. M. Goverde, Z. Lin, R. Liu, T. Tang, V., Vittorini, Z. Wang, “A literature review of artificial intelligence applications in railway systems”, Transportation Research Part C (Emerging Technologies), 140, 2022, Article 103679.
  • [8] J. Moreno, J. M. Riera, L, de Haro, and C. Rodríguez, A,”Survey on future railway radio communications services: challenges and opportunities,” IEEE Communications Magazine, October 2015.
  • [9] J. Xun, Y. Li, R. Liu, Y. Li, & Y. Liu, “A survey on control methods for virtual coupling in railway operation,” IEEE Open Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems, 3, 838-855, 2022.
  • [10] N. Bešinović, L. De Donato, Flammini, F. ve diğerleri. (7 more authors) Artificial intelligence in railway transport: taxonomy, regulations, and applications. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 23 (9). pp. 14011-14024. ISSN 1524-9050, 2021.
  • [11] B. Ning, T. Tang, K. Qiu, C. Gao & Q. Wang, “Computers in Railways”, WIT Press, ISBN 1-85312-715-9, 2004.
  • [12] P. Singh, M. A. Dulebenet, J. Pasha, E. D. R. Santibanez Gonzalez, Yui-Yip Lau, and R. Kampmann, “Deployment of autonomous trains in rail transportation: Current trends and existing challenges,” IEEE Access, Volume 9, 2021.
  • [13] K. Kera, E. Isobe, S. Kawahata, Hitachi’s initiatives in addressing the challenges of 21st century railway systems, Hitachi Review Vol. 48, No. 3, 1999.
  • [14] G. Muniandi, “Blockchain-enabled virtual coupling of automatic train operation fitted mainline trains for railway traffic conflict control,” IET Intell. Transp. Syst, Vol. 14 Iss. 6, pp. 611-619, 2020.
  • [15] P. Singh, Z. Elmi, V. K. Meriga, J. Pasha, M. A. Dulebenets, “Internet of things for sustainable railway transportation: Past, present, and future,” Cleaner Logistics and Supply Chain 4, 2022, 100065.
  • [16] G. Zhong, K. Xiong, Z. Zhong, and B. Ai, “Internet of things for high-speed railways,” Intelligent and Converged Networks, 2(2): 115-132, 2021.
  • [17] T. Wajima, K. Bekki, D. Eng., Y. Yokosuka, “Leading-edge solutions for next-generation railway systems,” Hitachi Review Vol. 54, No. 4, 2005.
  • [18] L. Junting, D. Jianwu, and M, Yongzhi, NGCTCS: “The next generation chinese train control systems,” Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 9 (6), 122- 130, 2016.
  • [19] P. Fraga-Lamas, T. M. Fernández-Caramés, and L. Castedo, “Towards the internet of smart trains: a review on industrial iot-connected railways,” Sensors, 17, 2017, 1457; doi:10.3390/s17061457.
  • [20] S. Küçük, “Demiryollarında arıza durumunda otonom trenler için yedek sistem sistemin tasarlanması”, Demiryolu Mühendisliği, 2019, (10):38-60. 38.
  • [21] V. Arlı, “Otomatik Metro Sistemleri,” 2. Uluslararası Raylı Sistemler Mühendisliği Sempozyumu (ISERSE’13), 9-11 Ekim 2013, Karabük, Türkiye.
  • [22] M. Demir, “Radyo frekanslı kimlik tanımlama (rfid) sistemi ile tren konum tespiti,” Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, 2014.
  • [23] S. Yüksel, Ö. Y. Ercoşkun, “Akıllı ulaşım sistemlerinde otonom araçlar ve kente etkileri,” Ekonomik Devrim, Blockchain Chapter 7, 2023.
  • [24] A. Fernandez-Rodriguez, A. Fernandez-Cardador, AP. Cucala, AP. Dominguez, M., Gonsalves T., “Design of robust and energy efficient ATO speed profiles of metropolitan lines considering train load variations and delays.” IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 16(4):2061–2071, 2015
  • [25] M. Brenna, M. Foiadelli, M. Longo, “Application of genetic algorithms for driverless subway train energy optimization,” International Journal of Vehicular Technology, 1-14, 2016.
  • [26] M. Miyatake, H. Ko, “Optimization of train speed profile for minimum energy consumption.” IEEJ Trans. Electr. Electron. Eng. 5 (3), 263–269, 2010.
  • [27] P. Thomas, “The feasibility case for converting existing heavy metro systems to driverless operation,” WIT Transactions on The Built Environment, 88, 363-372, 2006.
  • [28] Y. Wang, M. Zhang, J. Ma, X. Zhou, “Survey on driverless train operation for urban rail transit systems,” Urban Rail Transit, 2(3–4):106–113, 2016.
  • [29] S. Karayanık, “Marmaray Sinyalizasyon Sistemleri.” Demiryolu Mühendisliği, 2016, 4: 71-77.
  • [30] E. Çekerek, M. Demir, “İstanbul metrolarında yolcu konforunun arttırılması: sinyalizasyon sistemi ile otomatik anons kontrol uygulaması,” Demiryolu Mühendisliği, no. 14, pp.110-121, July. 2021. doi: 10.47072/demiryolu.932732
  • [31] NTV “Türkiye'nin ilk sürücüsüz metro hattı Avrupa birincisi seçildi” 2018 [Online] Available: https://www.ntv.com.tr/video/ekonomi/turkiyenin-ilk-surucusuz-metro-hatti-avrupa-birincisi-secildi,gXzFT2MZ10yYeAMLx6kX5g (Erişim tarihi: 09.11.2023)
  • [32] NTV “İlk yerli ve milli sürücüsüz metro aracı raylara indirildi” 2023 [Online] Available: https://www.ntv.com.tr/galeri/ntvpara/ilk-yerli-ve-milli-surucusuz-metro-araci-raylara-indirildi,OD6lEHuEf0OBW8sphM8JPA/PJd9cvtPMUW49THQOL4rWA (Erişim tarihi: 09.11.2023)
  • [33] P. Connor, F. Schmid, & C. Watson, “A review of train protection systems”, Railway Technical, 2012
  • [34] C. Lo, “Driverless train technology and the london underground: the great debate,” 2012. [Online] Available: https://www.railway-technology.com/features/featuredriverless-train-technology/, (Erişim tarihi: 27.10.2023)

Türkiye’de Tam Otomatik Sürücüsüz Anahat Treni Çalıştırılmasında Olası Fırsatlar ve Tehditler

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 19, 109 - 120, 31.01.2024

Üsame Ekici Mehmet Emin Akay

https://doi.org/10.47072/demiryolu.1377604

Öz

Çeşitli teknolojik gelişmeler yaşandıkça insan gücüne daha az ihtiyaç duyulacağı aşikardır. Bu bağlamda, sürücüsüz trenler demiryolu endüstrisindeki son başarı olarak görülmektedir. Sürücüsüz trenler insan hatalarından kaynaklanan kazaların önlenmesinde, seferlerin dakikliği ve sıklığını artırmada, enerji tüketiminin ve insan işgücü maliyetinin azaltılmasında önemli rol oynamaktadır. Öte yandan işçi sendikalarının neredeyse tamamı, demiryolu işçilerinin işlerinden uzak tutulmasına ve otomasyona geçilmesine karşı çıkmaktadırlar. Ayrıca demiryolu hattı yakınındaki potansiyel tehlikeler iyi eğitimli sürücüler tarafından görülebilmekte fakat bazen engel algılama özelliğine sahip olmasına rağmen bilgisayarlar tarafından tespit edilememektedir. Ayrıca tam otomatik sistemler siber saldırılara karşı savunmasızdır ve çok iyi korunması gerekmektedir. Bununla birlikte psikolojik araştırmalar, yolcuların trende herhangi bir görevli göremedikleri zaman kaygılandıklarını ve bu durumun insanların yolculuklarının konfor seviyesini düşürdüğünü göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada, ana hat trenlerinin sürücüsüz çalıştırılmasının avantaj ve dezavantajları ayrıntılı olarak verilmekte olup mevcut sürücüsüz metro trenlerinin daha derinlemesine izlenip analiz edilerek deneyim kazanılması konusunda önerilerde bulunulmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sürücüsüz Tren Tam Otomasyon Sistem Şehirlerarası Tren Yolculuğu Yüksek Hızlı Tren Türkiye

Kaynakça

  • [1] WSP. “Challenges and opportunities for automation of rail operations.” Thornhill: Transport Canada, 2022.
  • [2] S. Rangra, W. Schön, M. Sallak, & F. Belmonte, “Risk and safety analysis of main line autonomous train.” 21e Congrès de Maîtrise des Risques et Sûreté de Fonctionnement λμ21 Reims 16-18 octobre 2018.
  • [3] Railway Technology “Justifying automation,” 2011 [Online] Available: https://www.railway-technology.com/features/feature127703/?cf-view (Erişim tarihi: 29.03.2023)
  • [4] Siemens, “Fact sheet”. Corporate Communications and Government Affairs, Siemens AG, München, 2012.
  • [5] Wikipedia “Automatic Train Operation,” 2023 [Online] Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_Train_Operation - (Erişim tarihi: 29.03.2023)
  • [6] CNN “World’s first 350km-per-hour driverless bullet train goes into service in China,” 2020 [Online] Available: https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/driverless-bullet-train-china/index.html (Erişim tarihi: 29.03.2023)
  • [7] R. Tang L. De Donato N. Besinović, F. Flammini R. M. Goverde, Z. Lin, R. Liu, T. Tang, V., Vittorini, Z. Wang, “A literature review of artificial intelligence applications in railway systems”, Transportation Research Part C (Emerging Technologies), 140, 2022, Article 103679.
  • [8] J. Moreno, J. M. Riera, L, de Haro, and C. Rodríguez, A,”Survey on future railway radio communications services: challenges and opportunities,” IEEE Communications Magazine, October 2015.
  • [9] J. Xun, Y. Li, R. Liu, Y. Li, & Y. Liu, “A survey on control methods for virtual coupling in railway operation,” IEEE Open Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems, 3, 838-855, 2022.
  • [10] N. Bešinović, L. De Donato, Flammini, F. ve diğerleri. (7 more authors) Artificial intelligence in railway transport: taxonomy, regulations, and applications. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 23 (9). pp. 14011-14024. ISSN 1524-9050, 2021.
  • [11] B. Ning, T. Tang, K. Qiu, C. Gao & Q. Wang, “Computers in Railways”, WIT Press, ISBN 1-85312-715-9, 2004.
  • [12] P. Singh, M. A. Dulebenet, J. Pasha, E. D. R. Santibanez Gonzalez, Yui-Yip Lau, and R. Kampmann, “Deployment of autonomous trains in rail transportation: Current trends and existing challenges,” IEEE Access, Volume 9, 2021.
  • [13] K. Kera, E. Isobe, S. Kawahata, Hitachi’s initiatives in addressing the challenges of 21st century railway systems, Hitachi Review Vol. 48, No. 3, 1999.
  • [14] G. Muniandi, “Blockchain-enabled virtual coupling of automatic train operation fitted mainline trains for railway traffic conflict control,” IET Intell. Transp. Syst, Vol. 14 Iss. 6, pp. 611-619, 2020.
  • [15] P. Singh, Z. Elmi, V. K. Meriga, J. Pasha, M. A. Dulebenets, “Internet of things for sustainable railway transportation: Past, present, and future,” Cleaner Logistics and Supply Chain 4, 2022, 100065.
  • [16] G. Zhong, K. Xiong, Z. Zhong, and B. Ai, “Internet of things for high-speed railways,” Intelligent and Converged Networks, 2(2): 115-132, 2021.
  • [17] T. Wajima, K. Bekki, D. Eng., Y. Yokosuka, “Leading-edge solutions for next-generation railway systems,” Hitachi Review Vol. 54, No. 4, 2005.
  • [18] L. Junting, D. Jianwu, and M, Yongzhi, NGCTCS: “The next generation chinese train control systems,” Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 9 (6), 122- 130, 2016.
  • [19] P. Fraga-Lamas, T. M. Fernández-Caramés, and L. Castedo, “Towards the internet of smart trains: a review on industrial iot-connected railways,” Sensors, 17, 2017, 1457; doi:10.3390/s17061457.
  • [20] S. Küçük, “Demiryollarında arıza durumunda otonom trenler için yedek sistem sistemin tasarlanması”, Demiryolu Mühendisliği, 2019, (10):38-60. 38.
  • [21] V. Arlı, “Otomatik Metro Sistemleri,” 2. Uluslararası Raylı Sistemler Mühendisliği Sempozyumu (ISERSE’13), 9-11 Ekim 2013, Karabük, Türkiye.
  • [22] M. Demir, “Radyo frekanslı kimlik tanımlama (rfid) sistemi ile tren konum tespiti,” Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, 2014.
  • [23] S. Yüksel, Ö. Y. Ercoşkun, “Akıllı ulaşım sistemlerinde otonom araçlar ve kente etkileri,” Ekonomik Devrim, Blockchain Chapter 7, 2023.
  • [24] A. Fernandez-Rodriguez, A. Fernandez-Cardador, AP. Cucala, AP. Dominguez, M., Gonsalves T., “Design of robust and energy efficient ATO speed profiles of metropolitan lines considering train load variations and delays.” IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 16(4):2061–2071, 2015
  • [25] M. Brenna, M. Foiadelli, M. Longo, “Application of genetic algorithms for driverless subway train energy optimization,” International Journal of Vehicular Technology, 1-14, 2016.
  • [26] M. Miyatake, H. Ko, “Optimization of train speed profile for minimum energy consumption.” IEEJ Trans. Electr. Electron. Eng. 5 (3), 263–269, 2010.
  • [27] P. Thomas, “The feasibility case for converting existing heavy metro systems to driverless operation,” WIT Transactions on The Built Environment, 88, 363-372, 2006.
  • [28] Y. Wang, M. Zhang, J. Ma, X. Zhou, “Survey on driverless train operation for urban rail transit systems,” Urban Rail Transit, 2(3–4):106–113, 2016.
  • [29] S. Karayanık, “Marmaray Sinyalizasyon Sistemleri.” Demiryolu Mühendisliği, 2016, 4: 71-77.
  • [30] E. Çekerek, M. Demir, “İstanbul metrolarında yolcu konforunun arttırılması: sinyalizasyon sistemi ile otomatik anons kontrol uygulaması,” Demiryolu Mühendisliği, no. 14, pp.110-121, July. 2021. doi: 10.47072/demiryolu.932732
  • [31] NTV “Türkiye'nin ilk sürücüsüz metro hattı Avrupa birincisi seçildi” 2018 [Online] Available: https://www.ntv.com.tr/video/ekonomi/turkiyenin-ilk-surucusuz-metro-hatti-avrupa-birincisi-secildi,gXzFT2MZ10yYeAMLx6kX5g (Erişim tarihi: 09.11.2023)
  • [32] NTV “İlk yerli ve milli sürücüsüz metro aracı raylara indirildi” 2023 [Online] Available: https://www.ntv.com.tr/galeri/ntvpara/ilk-yerli-ve-milli-surucusuz-metro-araci-raylara-indirildi,OD6lEHuEf0OBW8sphM8JPA/PJd9cvtPMUW49THQOL4rWA (Erişim tarihi: 09.11.2023)
  • [33] P. Connor, F. Schmid, & C. Watson, “A review of train protection systems”, Railway Technical, 2012
  • [34] C. Lo, “Driverless train technology and the london underground: the great debate,” 2012. [Online] Available: https://www.railway-technology.com/features/featuredriverless-train-technology/, (Erişim tarihi: 27.10.2023)
Toplam 34 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ulaşım ve Trafik
Bölüm Bilimsel Yayınlar (Hakemli Araştırma ve Derleme Makaleler)
Yazarlar

Üsame Ekici 0000-0001-9741-5955

Mehmet Emin Akay 0000-0001-5178-398X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ocak 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 18 Ekim 2023
Kabul Tarihi 23 Kasım 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Sayı: 19

Kaynak Göster

IEEE Ü. Ekici ve M. E. Akay, “Türkiye’de Tam Otomatik Sürücüsüz Anahat Treni Çalıştırılmasında Olası Fırsatlar ve Tehditler”, Demiryolu Mühendisliği, sy. 19, ss. 109–120, Ocak 2024, doi: 10.47072/demiryolu.1377604.