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Türkiye’de Kırsal Kadınların Aile İşletmelerinde Organik Tarımı Benimseme Olasılığını Etkileyen Faktörler

Year 2018, Volume: 55 Issue: 2, 153 - 160, 27.06.2018
https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.408821

Abstract

Bu
araştırmanın üç önemli amacı bulunmaktadır, ilki kadınların organik tarımı
benimseme/benimsememe olasılığını etkileyen sosyo-ekonomik faktörlerin belirlenmesi,
ikincisi organik tarım ile ilgili bilinç düzeylerinin ve uygulamalarının ne
olduğunun ortaya konması, üçüncüsü ise organik tarımın yaygınlaştırılması için
öneriler getirilmesidir. Araştırma Türkiye’de organik tarım yapan üretici
sayısının en yüksek olduğu Aydın ilinde gerçekleştirilmiş ve 91 kadın ile
görüşülmüştür. Kadınların organik tarımı benimseyip/benimsememe olasılığını
etkileyen faktörler belirlenirken lojistik regresyon modeli kullanılmıştır.
Model sonucuna göre, kadının baba mesleğinin çiftçi olması, eğitim düzeyi,
hanedeki çocuk sayısı, tarımsal faaliyetlere katılma durumu, mesleki eğitime
katılma, kadınlara yönelik projeleri takip etme, yeniliklere açık olma, hayatında
idealine yakın olup/olmama durumu, organik tarım konusunda kavramsal olarak
bilinçli olup/olmama, kendine ait gelirin olması, organik tarımı benimseme
olasılığını etkilemektedir. Kadınların %60.4’ü aile işletmelerinde organik
tarıma adapte olmuş çalışırken, sadece %42’si organik tarımın gerçek tanımını
tam olarak bilmektedir. Kadınların %50.5’i eşleriyle karar alma süreçlerine
katılmaktadır. Araştırmaya katılan kadınların %78’i ilerde organik tarım yapmak
istemektedir. Bu kapsamda, kadınlara yönelik mesleki kurslar verilmesi,
kadınların girişimci olabilmesi için desteklenmesi, yayım faaliyetleri yoluyla bilgi
düzeylerinin artırılması ve örgütlenmeleri önem taşımaktadır. 

References

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  • Artukoğlu, M.M., and Gençler, F. 2009. Zeytin Üretim ve İşleme Sanayinde Çevre Bilincinin Geliştirilmesi Üzerine Bir Araştırma: Edremit Körfezi Örneği. Ziraat Mühendisleri Odası İzmir Şubesi, Yayın No: 5, İzmir, p. 165. [In Turkish].
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  • Bellows, A. C., Alcaraz, G., Hallman, W. K. 2010. Gender and food, a study of attitudes in the USA towards organic, local, US grown, and GM-free foods. Appetite, 55(3): 540-550.
  • Beltrán-Esteve, M., Picazo-Tadeo, A.J., Reig-Martinez, E. 2012. What makes citrus farmer go organic? empirical evidence from Spanish citrus farming. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 10(4): 901-910.
  • Bjørkhaug, H. 2006. There a female principle in organic farming? An interpretation of data for Norway. Social Perspectives of Organic Agriculture: From Pioneer to Policy, p. 195-209.
  • Bock, B.B., and Shortall, S. 2006. Rural gender relations: issues and case studies. CABI, p.374.
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  • Chiappe, M.B. and Flora, C.B. 1998. Gendered elements of alternative agriculture paradigm. Rural Sociology, 63(3): 372-393.
  • Çukur, T. 2015. Conventional dairy farmers converting to organic dairy production in Turkey. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 24(4): 1543-1551.
  • Emekli, Y.N., Topakçı, M. 2009. Precision agriculture technologies using in irrigation. Journal of the Agricultural Faculty of Gaziosmanpaşa University, 26(2): 9-17. [In Turkish].
  • Engindeniz, S. 2008. Economic analysis of agrochemical use for weed control in field-grown celery: a case study for Turkey. Crop Protection, 27(3): 377-384.
  • FAO. 2004. Food safety and quality in Europe: aspects concerning quality, nutritional balance, importance of agricultural land and cultural heritage ("terroirs"): A gender perspective. 24th FAO Regional Conference for Europe, 5-7 May 2004, Montpellier-France.
  • FAO. 2014. SAFA: Sustainability assessment of food and agricultural systems, guidelines, Version 3.0, Rome, Italy, p.253.
  • Gujarati, D.N. 1995. Basic econometrics, McGraw-Hill. Inc., New York, USA. p. 570.
  • Hall, A. and Mogyorody, V. 2007. Organic farming, gender, and the labor process. Rural Sociology, 72 (2): 289-316.
  • Hay, R. and Pearce, P. 2014. Technology adoption by rural women in Queensland, Australia: women driving technology from the homestead for the paddock. Journal of Rural Studies, 36: 318-327.
  • Hosseini, S.J. and Ajoundani, Z. 2013. Affective factors in adopting organic farming in Iran. Annals of Biological Research. 3(1): 601-608.
  • Jansen, K. 2000. Labour, livelihoods and the quality of life in organic agriculture in Europe. Biological and Horticulture, 17: 247-278.
  • Kania, J. 2000. Agricultural extension for rural women in Poland. in: rural women in the process of accession to the European Union: a collection of essay. Ljubljana: Open Society Institute. 83-95.
  • Karaturhan, B., Boyacı, M. 2005. A study on agricultural extension function in ecological agriculture: raisins instance. Ege University Faculty of Agriculture. Department of Agricultural Economics. Bornova, İzmir, p.63 [In Turkish].
  • Kaya, T.E., and Atsan, T. 2012. Rural women's socio-economic status and future expectations (the case of TRA1 region). Turkish Journal of Agricultural Economics, 18(1): 1-11.
  • Kızılaslan, N. and Yamanoglu, A. 2010. Participation of women in rural areas of agricultural production and domestic matters in decision-making: a case study for Tokat province. The Journal of International Social Research, 3(13): 154-166. [In Turkish].
  • Kulak, E. 2011. Effect on the Women's Employment in Rural Areas of Agricultural Production Process Change: Development after 1980. Republic Of Turkey Prime Ministry General Directorate On The Status Of Women. ISBN:978-975-19-5053-6. [in Turkish].
  • Kutlar, I., Turhanogulları, Z., Kızılay, H. 2013. Determining the socio-economic factors affecting on labor force and decision participations of women in rural areas: a case study in the province of Burdur. Akdeniz University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture. 26(1): 27-32. [in Turkish]
  • Kwon, J., Wilson, A. N., Bednar, C., Kennon, L. 2008. Food safety knowledge and behaviors of women, infant, and children (WIC) program participants in the United States. Journal of Food Protection, 71(8): 1651-1658.
  • Lockie, S. and Lyons, K. 2001. Renegotiating gender and the symbolic transformation of Australian rural environments. International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food, 9(1): 43-58.
  • Meares, C. 1997. Making the transition from conventional to sustainable agriculture: gender social movement participation and quality of life on the family farm. Rural Sociology, 62(1): 21-47.
  • Merrill, M.C. 1983. Eco-agriculture: a review of its history and philosophy. Biological Agricu culture and Horticulture, 1(3): 181-210.
  • Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock (MFAL). 2015. Records for the province of Aydın, Aydın Provincial Directorate.
  • Mishra, M. 2013. Role of ecofriendly agricultural practices in Indian agriculture development. International Journal of Agriculture and Food Science Technology, 4(2): 11-15.
  • Newbold, P. 1995. Statistics for Business and Economics. Prentice-Hall International, New Jersey, p. 867.
  • Özçatalbaş, O. 2001. Women's participation in agricultural activities and utilization from extension possibilities of the two villages in different socio-economic characteristics in Adana province. Akdeniz University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, 14(1): 79-88. [In Turkish].
  • Pannell, D., Vanclay, F. 2011. Changing Land Management: Adoption of New Practices by Rural Landholders. CSIRO Publishing, p. 208.
  • Parveen, K. and Nazhat, K. 2015. NGOs: A link between the rural women entrepreneurs and city dwellers. Research Journal of Management Sciences, 4(3): 6-8.
  • Pedersen, K.B. and Kjærgård, B. 2004. Do we have room for shining eyes and cows as comrades? gender perspectives on organic farming in Denmark. Sociologia Ruralis, 4(4): 373-394.
  • Rayanagoudar, R., Nagnur, S., Badıger, C. 2012. Knowledge level of farm women about organic farming and organic foods. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 25(2): 298 300.
  • Republic of Turkey Ministery of Food, Agrıculture and Livestock (MFAL). 2015. Aydın Directorate of Provincial Food Agriculture and Livestock Database, Available in http://aydin.tarim.gov.tr/ Accessed: 25.11.2016
  • Republic of Turkey Prime Ministery General Directorate on The Status of Women (RTDSW). 2008. Policy document: Women and Environment. Ankara. p.17.
  • Rigby, D. and Cáceres, D. 2001. Organic farming and the sustainability of agricultural systems. Agricultural Systems, 68(1): 21-40.
  • Saugeres, L. 2002. Of tractors and men: masculinity, technology and power in a French farming community. Sociologia Ruralis, 42(2): 143-159.
  • Scherr, S.J. and Mcneely, J.A. 2002. Reconciling agriculture and biodiversity: policy and research challenges of ‘ecoagriculture’. Equator Initiative, UNDP, Available in http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/11031IIED.pdf . Accessed: 08.01.2016
  • Scofield, A. 1986. Organic farming the origin of the name. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture, 4(1): 1-5.
  • Shaban, A.A. 2015. Factors influencing farmers’ decision to shift to organic farming: The case of Gaza Strip. British Journal of Economics, Management & Trade, 5(1): 78-87.
  • Sumner, J. 2003. Visions of sustainability women organic farmers. Canadian Woman Studies, 23(1): 146-150.
  • Talug, C. 1982. MEYSEB A study on evaluation of agricultural extension studies. Ankara University Faculty of Agriculture. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. Ankara. [In Turkish].
  • Trauger, A. 2004. ‘Because they can do the work’: Women farmers in sustainable agriculture in Pennsylvania, USA. Gender, Place and Culture, 11(2): 289-307.
  • Turkish Statistical Institue (TUIK). 2014. Selected Indicators of Aydın. No: 4196, Ankara, p. 174.
  • Turkish Statistical Institue (TUIK). 2015. Labor Force Statistics, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1007 Accessed: 10.04.2017
  • Udry, C. 1996. Gender, agricultural production, and the theory of the household. Journal of Political Economy, 104(5): 1010-1046.
  • United Nations (UN). 2015. Retrieved http://www.un.org/en/databases/ Accessed: 10.01.2016
  • Upadhyay, B. 2005. Women and natural resource management: Illustrations from India and Nepal. Natural Resources Forum, 29(3): 224-232.
  • Urena, F., Bernabeu, R. and Olmeda, M. 2008. Women, men and organic food: differences in their attitudes, and willingness to pay. A Spanish case study. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 32: 18-26.
  • Uzmay, A., and Karaturhan, B. 2015. Study on the factors affecting the choices of initiative areas for prospective rural women entrepreneurs in Izmir Province. The Journal of Ege University Faculty of Agriculture. 52(1): 181-189. [In Turkish].
  • Uzunöz, M., Büyükbay, E.O., Oruç E., Bal, H.S.G. 2008. Conscious levels of rural woman in the subject of food safety (case of Tokat province). Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Uludağ University, 22(2): 35-46. [In Turkish].
  • Wells, B.L. and Gradwell, S. 2001. Gender and resource management: community supported agriculture as caring-practice. Agriculture and Human Values, 18: 107-119.
  • Wheeler, S.A. 2008. What influences agricultural professionals' views towards organic agriculture?. Ecologicaleconomic, 65(1): 145-154.
  • Yavuz, F., Terin, M., Güler, I.O. 2014. Increasing the role and efficiency of women in production in rural Bayburt. Atatürk University Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Economics. Bayproje 13. Bayburt. p.55. [in Turkish]
  • Yurttaş, C., Atsan, T., Çelik, H. 2015. Education of the agricultural population and women in the agricultural population. Retrieved http://www.zmo.org.tr/resimler/ekler/5323660 ed2124 45_ek.pdf?tipi=14&sube. Accessed 06.01.2016 [in Turkish]
Year 2018, Volume: 55 Issue: 2, 153 - 160, 27.06.2018
https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.408821

Abstract

References

  • Akça, H., Sayılı, M., Yılmazçoban, M. 2007. Rural awareness of environmental issues: the case of Turkey. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 16 (2): 177-182.
  • Artukoğlu, M.M., and Gençler, F. 2009. Zeytin Üretim ve İşleme Sanayinde Çevre Bilincinin Geliştirilmesi Üzerine Bir Araştırma: Edremit Körfezi Örneği. Ziraat Mühendisleri Odası İzmir Şubesi, Yayın No: 5, İzmir, p. 165. [In Turkish].
  • Bal, H.S.G., Göktolga, Z., Karkacıer, O. 2006. The examination of consciousness level of consumers about food safety (a case of Tokat province). Turkish Journal of Agricultural Economics, 12(1): 9-18. [In Turkish].
  • Bellows, A. C., Alcaraz, G., Hallman, W. K. 2010. Gender and food, a study of attitudes in the USA towards organic, local, US grown, and GM-free foods. Appetite, 55(3): 540-550.
  • Beltrán-Esteve, M., Picazo-Tadeo, A.J., Reig-Martinez, E. 2012. What makes citrus farmer go organic? empirical evidence from Spanish citrus farming. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 10(4): 901-910.
  • Bjørkhaug, H. 2006. There a female principle in organic farming? An interpretation of data for Norway. Social Perspectives of Organic Agriculture: From Pioneer to Policy, p. 195-209.
  • Bock, B.B., and Shortall, S. 2006. Rural gender relations: issues and case studies. CABI, p.374.
  • Boyacı, M. and Yıldız, Ö. 2013. Gender and Extention in Turkey, The Journal of Ege University Faculty of Agriculture, 50 (1): 21-27. [In Turkish]
  • Bundesamt für Landwirtschaft (BLW). 2012. Frauen in der Landwirtschaft, Auszug aus dem Agrarbericht 2012. http://www.google.com.tr/webhp?nord=1&gwsrd=cr&ei=kpsqVqyTH arMyg PruK7IDg#nord=1&q=Frauen+in+der+Landwirtschaft+Agrarbericht Accessed: 25.11.2016
  • Chiappe, M.B. and Flora, C.B. 1998. Gendered elements of alternative agriculture paradigm. Rural Sociology, 63(3): 372-393.
  • Çukur, T. 2015. Conventional dairy farmers converting to organic dairy production in Turkey. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 24(4): 1543-1551.
  • Emekli, Y.N., Topakçı, M. 2009. Precision agriculture technologies using in irrigation. Journal of the Agricultural Faculty of Gaziosmanpaşa University, 26(2): 9-17. [In Turkish].
  • Engindeniz, S. 2008. Economic analysis of agrochemical use for weed control in field-grown celery: a case study for Turkey. Crop Protection, 27(3): 377-384.
  • FAO. 2004. Food safety and quality in Europe: aspects concerning quality, nutritional balance, importance of agricultural land and cultural heritage ("terroirs"): A gender perspective. 24th FAO Regional Conference for Europe, 5-7 May 2004, Montpellier-France.
  • FAO. 2014. SAFA: Sustainability assessment of food and agricultural systems, guidelines, Version 3.0, Rome, Italy, p.253.
  • Gujarati, D.N. 1995. Basic econometrics, McGraw-Hill. Inc., New York, USA. p. 570.
  • Hall, A. and Mogyorody, V. 2007. Organic farming, gender, and the labor process. Rural Sociology, 72 (2): 289-316.
  • Hay, R. and Pearce, P. 2014. Technology adoption by rural women in Queensland, Australia: women driving technology from the homestead for the paddock. Journal of Rural Studies, 36: 318-327.
  • Hosseini, S.J. and Ajoundani, Z. 2013. Affective factors in adopting organic farming in Iran. Annals of Biological Research. 3(1): 601-608.
  • Jansen, K. 2000. Labour, livelihoods and the quality of life in organic agriculture in Europe. Biological and Horticulture, 17: 247-278.
  • Kania, J. 2000. Agricultural extension for rural women in Poland. in: rural women in the process of accession to the European Union: a collection of essay. Ljubljana: Open Society Institute. 83-95.
  • Karaturhan, B., Boyacı, M. 2005. A study on agricultural extension function in ecological agriculture: raisins instance. Ege University Faculty of Agriculture. Department of Agricultural Economics. Bornova, İzmir, p.63 [In Turkish].
  • Kaya, T.E., and Atsan, T. 2012. Rural women's socio-economic status and future expectations (the case of TRA1 region). Turkish Journal of Agricultural Economics, 18(1): 1-11.
  • Kızılaslan, N. and Yamanoglu, A. 2010. Participation of women in rural areas of agricultural production and domestic matters in decision-making: a case study for Tokat province. The Journal of International Social Research, 3(13): 154-166. [In Turkish].
  • Kulak, E. 2011. Effect on the Women's Employment in Rural Areas of Agricultural Production Process Change: Development after 1980. Republic Of Turkey Prime Ministry General Directorate On The Status Of Women. ISBN:978-975-19-5053-6. [in Turkish].
  • Kutlar, I., Turhanogulları, Z., Kızılay, H. 2013. Determining the socio-economic factors affecting on labor force and decision participations of women in rural areas: a case study in the province of Burdur. Akdeniz University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture. 26(1): 27-32. [in Turkish]
  • Kwon, J., Wilson, A. N., Bednar, C., Kennon, L. 2008. Food safety knowledge and behaviors of women, infant, and children (WIC) program participants in the United States. Journal of Food Protection, 71(8): 1651-1658.
  • Lockie, S. and Lyons, K. 2001. Renegotiating gender and the symbolic transformation of Australian rural environments. International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food, 9(1): 43-58.
  • Meares, C. 1997. Making the transition from conventional to sustainable agriculture: gender social movement participation and quality of life on the family farm. Rural Sociology, 62(1): 21-47.
  • Merrill, M.C. 1983. Eco-agriculture: a review of its history and philosophy. Biological Agricu culture and Horticulture, 1(3): 181-210.
  • Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock (MFAL). 2015. Records for the province of Aydın, Aydın Provincial Directorate.
  • Mishra, M. 2013. Role of ecofriendly agricultural practices in Indian agriculture development. International Journal of Agriculture and Food Science Technology, 4(2): 11-15.
  • Newbold, P. 1995. Statistics for Business and Economics. Prentice-Hall International, New Jersey, p. 867.
  • Özçatalbaş, O. 2001. Women's participation in agricultural activities and utilization from extension possibilities of the two villages in different socio-economic characteristics in Adana province. Akdeniz University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, 14(1): 79-88. [In Turkish].
  • Pannell, D., Vanclay, F. 2011. Changing Land Management: Adoption of New Practices by Rural Landholders. CSIRO Publishing, p. 208.
  • Parveen, K. and Nazhat, K. 2015. NGOs: A link between the rural women entrepreneurs and city dwellers. Research Journal of Management Sciences, 4(3): 6-8.
  • Pedersen, K.B. and Kjærgård, B. 2004. Do we have room for shining eyes and cows as comrades? gender perspectives on organic farming in Denmark. Sociologia Ruralis, 4(4): 373-394.
  • Rayanagoudar, R., Nagnur, S., Badıger, C. 2012. Knowledge level of farm women about organic farming and organic foods. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 25(2): 298 300.
  • Republic of Turkey Ministery of Food, Agrıculture and Livestock (MFAL). 2015. Aydın Directorate of Provincial Food Agriculture and Livestock Database, Available in http://aydin.tarim.gov.tr/ Accessed: 25.11.2016
  • Republic of Turkey Prime Ministery General Directorate on The Status of Women (RTDSW). 2008. Policy document: Women and Environment. Ankara. p.17.
  • Rigby, D. and Cáceres, D. 2001. Organic farming and the sustainability of agricultural systems. Agricultural Systems, 68(1): 21-40.
  • Saugeres, L. 2002. Of tractors and men: masculinity, technology and power in a French farming community. Sociologia Ruralis, 42(2): 143-159.
  • Scherr, S.J. and Mcneely, J.A. 2002. Reconciling agriculture and biodiversity: policy and research challenges of ‘ecoagriculture’. Equator Initiative, UNDP, Available in http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/11031IIED.pdf . Accessed: 08.01.2016
  • Scofield, A. 1986. Organic farming the origin of the name. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture, 4(1): 1-5.
  • Shaban, A.A. 2015. Factors influencing farmers’ decision to shift to organic farming: The case of Gaza Strip. British Journal of Economics, Management & Trade, 5(1): 78-87.
  • Sumner, J. 2003. Visions of sustainability women organic farmers. Canadian Woman Studies, 23(1): 146-150.
  • Talug, C. 1982. MEYSEB A study on evaluation of agricultural extension studies. Ankara University Faculty of Agriculture. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. Ankara. [In Turkish].
  • Trauger, A. 2004. ‘Because they can do the work’: Women farmers in sustainable agriculture in Pennsylvania, USA. Gender, Place and Culture, 11(2): 289-307.
  • Turkish Statistical Institue (TUIK). 2014. Selected Indicators of Aydın. No: 4196, Ankara, p. 174.
  • Turkish Statistical Institue (TUIK). 2015. Labor Force Statistics, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1007 Accessed: 10.04.2017
  • Udry, C. 1996. Gender, agricultural production, and the theory of the household. Journal of Political Economy, 104(5): 1010-1046.
  • United Nations (UN). 2015. Retrieved http://www.un.org/en/databases/ Accessed: 10.01.2016
  • Upadhyay, B. 2005. Women and natural resource management: Illustrations from India and Nepal. Natural Resources Forum, 29(3): 224-232.
  • Urena, F., Bernabeu, R. and Olmeda, M. 2008. Women, men and organic food: differences in their attitudes, and willingness to pay. A Spanish case study. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 32: 18-26.
  • Uzmay, A., and Karaturhan, B. 2015. Study on the factors affecting the choices of initiative areas for prospective rural women entrepreneurs in Izmir Province. The Journal of Ege University Faculty of Agriculture. 52(1): 181-189. [In Turkish].
  • Uzunöz, M., Büyükbay, E.O., Oruç E., Bal, H.S.G. 2008. Conscious levels of rural woman in the subject of food safety (case of Tokat province). Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Uludağ University, 22(2): 35-46. [In Turkish].
  • Wells, B.L. and Gradwell, S. 2001. Gender and resource management: community supported agriculture as caring-practice. Agriculture and Human Values, 18: 107-119.
  • Wheeler, S.A. 2008. What influences agricultural professionals' views towards organic agriculture?. Ecologicaleconomic, 65(1): 145-154.
  • Yavuz, F., Terin, M., Güler, I.O. 2014. Increasing the role and efficiency of women in production in rural Bayburt. Atatürk University Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Economics. Bayproje 13. Bayburt. p.55. [in Turkish]
  • Yurttaş, C., Atsan, T., Çelik, H. 2015. Education of the agricultural population and women in the agricultural population. Retrieved http://www.zmo.org.tr/resimler/ekler/5323660 ed2124 45_ek.pdf?tipi=14&sube. Accessed 06.01.2016 [in Turkish]
There are 60 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Buket Karaturhan

Ayşe Uzmay

Gökçe Koç This is me

Publication Date June 27, 2018
Submission Date August 21, 2017
Acceptance Date December 4, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 55 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Karaturhan, B., Uzmay, A., & Koç, G. (2018). Türkiye’de Kırsal Kadınların Aile İşletmelerinde Organik Tarımı Benimseme Olasılığını Etkileyen Faktörler. Journal of Agriculture Faculty of Ege University, 55(2), 153-160. https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.408821

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