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Changes in Antioxidant and Detoxification Systems of the Freshwater Amphipod Gammarus Pulex Exposed to Congo Red

Year 2019, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 76 - 81, 31.08.2019
https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.542705

Abstract



In this
study, it is aimed to investigate the changes in Glutathione S Transferase and
Cytochrome 1A1 enzymes and Malondialdehyde levels in Gammarus pulex exposed to congo red. G. pulex was exposed to synthetic solutions containing 20, 10, 5
mg/L of Congo red for 96 hours.
Glutathione S transferase and cytochrome 1A1 enzyme activities were determined
by using ELISA kit and malondialdehyde levels were determined by
spectrophotometric methods. Glutathione S transferase activities were increased
in all administration groups for 24 and 96 hours compared to control (P<0.05). After exposure to Congo red,
cytochrome 1A1 activity was decreased in 24 and 96 hours compared to control in
all groups (P<0.05).
Malondialdehyde levels increased in all groups after congo red exposure compared
to control in 24 hours (P<0.05),
increased in group A after 96 hours, decreased in groups B and C (P<0.05). Our results show that congo
red may cause oxidative stress by producing reactive oxygen species. In
conclusion, changes in antioxidant enzymes and malondialdehyde levels suggest
that congo red can be used as potential sensitive biomarkers in the assessment
of environmental toxicity.

References

  • Aksu, O., Yildirim, N.C., Yildirim, N., Danabas, D. ve Danabas, S. (2015). Biochemical response in crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823) exposed to textile wastewater treated by indigenous white rot fungus Coriolus versicolor. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(4): 2987-2993.
  • Aksu, O., Yildirim, N.C., Danabas, D. ve Yildirim, N. (2017). Biochemical impacts of the textile dyes remazol brillant blue r and congo red on the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus (Decapoda, Astacidae). Crustaceana, 90(13): 1563-1574.
  • APHA., (1998). Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water. American Public Health Association, 874 pp.
  • Ayadi, I., Mariza Monteiro, S., Regaya, I., Coimbra, A. Fernandes, F., Oliveira, M.M., Peixoto, F. ve Mnif, W. (2015). Biochemical and histological changes in the liver and gills of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus exposed to red 195 dye. RSC Advances, 5: 87168–87178.
  • Biagianti-Risbourg, S. (1997). Les perturbations (ultra) structurales du foie des poissons utilis´ees comme biomarqueurs de la qualit´e sanitaire des milieux aquatiques, in Utilisation de Biomarqueurs en Ecotoxicologie. Aspects Fondamentaux, ed.L. Lagadic, T. Caquet, J.C. Amiard and F. Ramade, MassonPub., Paris, pp. 55-391.
  • Chandagade, C.A., Patil, V.N., Jadhav, V.V. ve Raut, P.D. (2012). Effect of textile effluent on some enzyme activities in different tissues of freshwater crab Paratelphusa jacquemontii. Proceeding of International Conference, SWRDM, 281-284.
  • Coimbra, A.M., Figueiredo-Fernandes, A. Ve Reis-Henriques, M.A. (2007). Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), liver morphology, CYP1A activity and thyroid hormones after endosulfan dietary exposure. Pesticide Biochemistry Physiology, 89: 230-236.
  • De Lange, H.J., Noordoven, W., Murk, A.J., Lürling, M. ve Peeters, E.T. (2006). Behavioural responses of Gammarus pulex (Crustacea, Amphipoda) to low concentrations of pharmaceuticals. Aquatic Toxicology, 78: 209-216.
  • Di Giulio, R.T., Washburn, P.C., Wenning, R.J., Winston, G.W. ve Jewell, C.S. (1989). Biochemical responses in aquatic animals: a review of oxidative stress. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 8: 1103-1123.
  • Duman, F. ve Kar, M. (2015). Evaluation of effects of exposure conditions on the biological responses of Gammarus pulex exposed to cadmium. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 12: 437-444.
  • Fewson, C.A. (1998). Biodegration of xenobiotic and other persistent compounds: the causes of recalcitrance. Trends in Biotechnology, 6: 148-153.Fu, Y., Li, M., Liu, C., Qu, J.P., Zhu, W.J., Xing, H.J., Xu, S.W. ve Li, S. (2013). Effect of atrazine and chlorpyrifos exposure on cytochrome P450 contents and enzyme activities in common carp gills. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 94: 28-36.
  • Galal, A. ve Patrick, D.S. (1999). 21-Aminosteroids prevent the down-regulation of hepatic cytochrome P450 induced by hypoxia and inflammation in conscious rabbits. British Journal of Pharmacology, 128: 374-379.
  • Goksayr, A. ve Forlin, L. (1992). The Cytochrome P50 in Fish And Aquatic Toxicolgy And Environmental Monitoring. Aquatic Toxicology, 22: 287-312.Goldberg, E.D. ve Bertine, K.K. (2000). Beyond the mussel watchnew directions for monitoring marine pollution. Science of the Total Environment, 247: 165-174.
  • Gottlieb, A., Shaw, C., Smith, A. ve Wheatley, A. (2003). The toxicity of textile reactive azo dyes after hydrolysis and decolourisation. Journal of Biotechnology, 1: 49-56.
  • Guengerich, F.P. (1987). Mammalian cytochromes P-450. Boca Raton, Florida, CRC Press, Inc.
  • Hermes-Lima, M. (2004). Oxygen in biology and biochemistry: role of free radicals. In: Storey KB (ed) functional metabolism: regulation and adaptation, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., USA.
  • Hinton, D.E. ve Laur´en, D.J. (1990). Liver structural alterations accompanying chronic toxicity in shes: potential biomarkers of exposure. In biomarkers of environmental contamination. ed. J. F. McCarthy and L. R. Shugart, Lewis, Boca Raton, pp. 17-57.
  • Ja_zd_zewski, K. (1980). Range extensions of some gammaridean species in european inland waters caused by human activity. Crustaceana, 6: 84-107.
  • Kaur, S., Kaur, K. ve Kaur, A. (2016). Effect of sublethal doses of an azo dye, acid blue-113 (ab–113) on biochemical responses of Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala. Journal of Environmental Research and Development, 11 (2): 302-307.
  • Kaushik, P. ve Malik, A. (2009). Fungal dye decolourization: Recent advances and future potential. Environment International, 35: 127-141.
  • Kumar, K., Dastidar, M.G. ve Sreekrishnan, T.R. (2009). Effect of process parameters on aerobic de-colourization of reactive Azo dye using mixed culture. International Journal of Biological, Biomolecular, Agri-cultural, Food and Biotechnological Engineering, 3(10): 525-528.
  • Kutlu, M. ve Susuz, F. (2004). Effects of lead as an environmental pollutant on EROD enzyme in Gammarus pulex (L.) (Crustacea: amphipoda). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 72: 750-755.
  • Madhuri, S., Aditi, B., Aparna, P. ve Girish, P. (2014). Detoxification of reactive red 195 by Micrococcus glutamicus NCIM 2168. Journal of Environmental Research and Development, 9(1): 120-128.
  • Nebert, D.W. ve Gonzalez, F.J. (1987). P-450 genes: structure, evolution and regulation. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 56: 945-993.
  • Ohkawa, H., Ohishi, N. ve Yagi, K. (1979). Assay for lipid peroxidetion in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Analytical Biochemistry, 95: 351.
  • Oinonen, T., Saarikoski, S., Husgafvel-Pursianinen, K., Hirvonen, A. ve Lindros, K.O. (1994). Pretranslational induction of cytochrome P4501A enzymes by β-naphthoflavone and 3-methylcholanthrene occurs in different liver zones. Biochemical Pharmacology, 48: 2189–2197.
  • Placer, Z.A., Cusman, L.L. ve Johnson, B.C. (1966). Estimation of product of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) in biochemical systems. Analytical Biochemistry, 16: 359-364.
  • Richardson, K.L., Gold-Bouchot, G. ve Schlenk, D. (2009). The characterization of cytosolic glutathione transferase from four species of sea turtles: Loggerhead (Caretta caretta), green (Chelonia mydas), olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea), and hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C: Toxicology&Pharmacology, 150: 279-284.
  • Sedlak, J. ve Lindsay, R.H.C. (1968). Estimation of total protein bound and nonprotein sulfhydryl groups in tissue with Ellmann’s reagent. Analytical Biochemistry, 25: 192-205.
  • Serdar, O., Yildirim, N.C., Tatar, Ş., Yildirim., N. ve Ogedey, A. (2018). Antioxidant biomarkers in Gammarus pulex to evaluate the efficiency of electrocoagulation process in landfill leachate treatment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25: 12538-12544.
  • Seshadri, S., Bishop, P.L. ve Agha, A.M. (1994). Anaerobic/aerobic treatment of selected azo dyes in wastewater. Waste Management, 15: 127-137.
  • Shimada, T., Sugie, A., Shindo, M., Nakajima, T., Azuma, E., Hashimoto, M. ve Inoue, K. (2003). Tissue-specific induction of cytochromes P450 1A1 and 1B1 by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in engineered C57BL/6J mice of arylhydrocarbon receptor gene. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 187: 1-10.
  • Soderlund, D.M. ve Bloornguist, J.R. (1990). Molecular Resisitance in Arthropods. In: Roush R.T. & Tabashnik B.E. ed. Chapman Hall Press, New York, 58-96.Soni, R.K., Acharya, P.B. ve Modi, H.A. (2015). Toxicological assessment of reactive red 35 and its biodegraded products using cytogenotoxicity, oxidative stress and phytotoxicity studies. Environmental Science an Indian Journal, 11(7).
  • Stegeman, J.J., Woodin, B.R., Singh, H., Oleksiak, M.F. ve Celander, M. (1997). Cytochromes P450 (CYP) in tropical fishes: catalytic activities, expression of multiple CYP proteins and high levels of microsomal P450 in liver of fishes from Bermuda. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology&Pharmacology&Endocrinology, 116: 61-75.
  • Trute, M., Gallis, B., Doneanu, C., Shaffer, S., Goodlett, D. ve Gallagher, E. (2007). Characterization of hepatic glutathione S-transferases in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Aquatic Toxicology, 81: 126-136.
  • Yildirim, N.C. ve Dogan, L. (2018). Investigation of biochemical response in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, 1792) exposed to remazol brillant blue r textile dye. Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology, 19(1): 48-54.
  • Yildirim, N.C., Tanyol, M., Serdar, O. ve Tatar, S. (2018). Biochemical responses of Gammarus pulex to malachite green solutions decolorized by Coriolus versicolor as a biosorbent under batch adsorption conditions optimized with Response Surface Methodology. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 156: 41-47.
  • Varanasi, U. (1989). Metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the aquatic environment. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

Kongo Kırmızısına Maruz Bırakılan Tatlı Su Amphipodu Gammarus Pulex'in Antioksidan ve Detoksifikasyon Sistemindeki Değişiklikler

Year 2019, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 76 - 81, 31.08.2019
https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.542705

Abstract



Bu
çalışmada, kongo kırmızısına maruz bırakılan G ammarus pulex'de Glutatyon S Transferaz ve Sitokrom 1A1 enzimleri
ile Malondialdehit seviyelerindeki değişimin araştırılması
amaçlanmaktadır.  G. pulex, 96 saat boyunca 20, 10, 5 ppm kongo kırmızısı içeren
sentetik çözeltilere maruz bırakılmıştır.  
Glutatyon S Transferaz ve Sitokrom 1A1 enzim aktiviteleri ELISA kiti
kullanılarak, malondialdehit seviyeleri ise spektrofotometrik olarak
belirlenmiştir.  Glutatyon S Transferaz
aktiviteleri
tüm uygulama gruplarında 24 ve 96 saat boyunca kontrole kıyasla artmıştır (p<0.05).
Kongo
kırmızısına maruz bırakıldıktan sonra tüm uygulama gruplarında Sitokrom 1A1
aktivitesi 24 ve
96 saat boyunca kontrole kıyasla azalmıştır (p<0.05).
Malondialdehit seviyeleri
kongo kırmızısına maruziyetinden sonra
tüm gruplarda 24 saat boyunca kontrole
kıyasla artmış (p<0.05), 96 saat sonunda A grubunda artmış, B ve C
gruplarında düşmüştür (p<0.05).
  Bulgularımız, kongo kırmızısının reaktif
oksijen türleri üreterek oksidatif strese neden olabileceğini
göstermektedir.  Sonuç olarak,
antioksidan enzimler ve Malondialdehit seviyelerindeki değişiklikler, kongo
kırmızısının çevresel toksisitesinin değerlendirilmesinde potansiyel hassas
biyobelirteçler olarak kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir.

References

  • Aksu, O., Yildirim, N.C., Yildirim, N., Danabas, D. ve Danabas, S. (2015). Biochemical response in crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823) exposed to textile wastewater treated by indigenous white rot fungus Coriolus versicolor. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(4): 2987-2993.
  • Aksu, O., Yildirim, N.C., Danabas, D. ve Yildirim, N. (2017). Biochemical impacts of the textile dyes remazol brillant blue r and congo red on the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus (Decapoda, Astacidae). Crustaceana, 90(13): 1563-1574.
  • APHA., (1998). Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water. American Public Health Association, 874 pp.
  • Ayadi, I., Mariza Monteiro, S., Regaya, I., Coimbra, A. Fernandes, F., Oliveira, M.M., Peixoto, F. ve Mnif, W. (2015). Biochemical and histological changes in the liver and gills of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus exposed to red 195 dye. RSC Advances, 5: 87168–87178.
  • Biagianti-Risbourg, S. (1997). Les perturbations (ultra) structurales du foie des poissons utilis´ees comme biomarqueurs de la qualit´e sanitaire des milieux aquatiques, in Utilisation de Biomarqueurs en Ecotoxicologie. Aspects Fondamentaux, ed.L. Lagadic, T. Caquet, J.C. Amiard and F. Ramade, MassonPub., Paris, pp. 55-391.
  • Chandagade, C.A., Patil, V.N., Jadhav, V.V. ve Raut, P.D. (2012). Effect of textile effluent on some enzyme activities in different tissues of freshwater crab Paratelphusa jacquemontii. Proceeding of International Conference, SWRDM, 281-284.
  • Coimbra, A.M., Figueiredo-Fernandes, A. Ve Reis-Henriques, M.A. (2007). Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), liver morphology, CYP1A activity and thyroid hormones after endosulfan dietary exposure. Pesticide Biochemistry Physiology, 89: 230-236.
  • De Lange, H.J., Noordoven, W., Murk, A.J., Lürling, M. ve Peeters, E.T. (2006). Behavioural responses of Gammarus pulex (Crustacea, Amphipoda) to low concentrations of pharmaceuticals. Aquatic Toxicology, 78: 209-216.
  • Di Giulio, R.T., Washburn, P.C., Wenning, R.J., Winston, G.W. ve Jewell, C.S. (1989). Biochemical responses in aquatic animals: a review of oxidative stress. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 8: 1103-1123.
  • Duman, F. ve Kar, M. (2015). Evaluation of effects of exposure conditions on the biological responses of Gammarus pulex exposed to cadmium. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 12: 437-444.
  • Fewson, C.A. (1998). Biodegration of xenobiotic and other persistent compounds: the causes of recalcitrance. Trends in Biotechnology, 6: 148-153.Fu, Y., Li, M., Liu, C., Qu, J.P., Zhu, W.J., Xing, H.J., Xu, S.W. ve Li, S. (2013). Effect of atrazine and chlorpyrifos exposure on cytochrome P450 contents and enzyme activities in common carp gills. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 94: 28-36.
  • Galal, A. ve Patrick, D.S. (1999). 21-Aminosteroids prevent the down-regulation of hepatic cytochrome P450 induced by hypoxia and inflammation in conscious rabbits. British Journal of Pharmacology, 128: 374-379.
  • Goksayr, A. ve Forlin, L. (1992). The Cytochrome P50 in Fish And Aquatic Toxicolgy And Environmental Monitoring. Aquatic Toxicology, 22: 287-312.Goldberg, E.D. ve Bertine, K.K. (2000). Beyond the mussel watchnew directions for monitoring marine pollution. Science of the Total Environment, 247: 165-174.
  • Gottlieb, A., Shaw, C., Smith, A. ve Wheatley, A. (2003). The toxicity of textile reactive azo dyes after hydrolysis and decolourisation. Journal of Biotechnology, 1: 49-56.
  • Guengerich, F.P. (1987). Mammalian cytochromes P-450. Boca Raton, Florida, CRC Press, Inc.
  • Hermes-Lima, M. (2004). Oxygen in biology and biochemistry: role of free radicals. In: Storey KB (ed) functional metabolism: regulation and adaptation, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., USA.
  • Hinton, D.E. ve Laur´en, D.J. (1990). Liver structural alterations accompanying chronic toxicity in shes: potential biomarkers of exposure. In biomarkers of environmental contamination. ed. J. F. McCarthy and L. R. Shugart, Lewis, Boca Raton, pp. 17-57.
  • Ja_zd_zewski, K. (1980). Range extensions of some gammaridean species in european inland waters caused by human activity. Crustaceana, 6: 84-107.
  • Kaur, S., Kaur, K. ve Kaur, A. (2016). Effect of sublethal doses of an azo dye, acid blue-113 (ab–113) on biochemical responses of Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala. Journal of Environmental Research and Development, 11 (2): 302-307.
  • Kaushik, P. ve Malik, A. (2009). Fungal dye decolourization: Recent advances and future potential. Environment International, 35: 127-141.
  • Kumar, K., Dastidar, M.G. ve Sreekrishnan, T.R. (2009). Effect of process parameters on aerobic de-colourization of reactive Azo dye using mixed culture. International Journal of Biological, Biomolecular, Agri-cultural, Food and Biotechnological Engineering, 3(10): 525-528.
  • Kutlu, M. ve Susuz, F. (2004). Effects of lead as an environmental pollutant on EROD enzyme in Gammarus pulex (L.) (Crustacea: amphipoda). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 72: 750-755.
  • Madhuri, S., Aditi, B., Aparna, P. ve Girish, P. (2014). Detoxification of reactive red 195 by Micrococcus glutamicus NCIM 2168. Journal of Environmental Research and Development, 9(1): 120-128.
  • Nebert, D.W. ve Gonzalez, F.J. (1987). P-450 genes: structure, evolution and regulation. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 56: 945-993.
  • Ohkawa, H., Ohishi, N. ve Yagi, K. (1979). Assay for lipid peroxidetion in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Analytical Biochemistry, 95: 351.
  • Oinonen, T., Saarikoski, S., Husgafvel-Pursianinen, K., Hirvonen, A. ve Lindros, K.O. (1994). Pretranslational induction of cytochrome P4501A enzymes by β-naphthoflavone and 3-methylcholanthrene occurs in different liver zones. Biochemical Pharmacology, 48: 2189–2197.
  • Placer, Z.A., Cusman, L.L. ve Johnson, B.C. (1966). Estimation of product of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) in biochemical systems. Analytical Biochemistry, 16: 359-364.
  • Richardson, K.L., Gold-Bouchot, G. ve Schlenk, D. (2009). The characterization of cytosolic glutathione transferase from four species of sea turtles: Loggerhead (Caretta caretta), green (Chelonia mydas), olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea), and hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C: Toxicology&Pharmacology, 150: 279-284.
  • Sedlak, J. ve Lindsay, R.H.C. (1968). Estimation of total protein bound and nonprotein sulfhydryl groups in tissue with Ellmann’s reagent. Analytical Biochemistry, 25: 192-205.
  • Serdar, O., Yildirim, N.C., Tatar, Ş., Yildirim., N. ve Ogedey, A. (2018). Antioxidant biomarkers in Gammarus pulex to evaluate the efficiency of electrocoagulation process in landfill leachate treatment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25: 12538-12544.
  • Seshadri, S., Bishop, P.L. ve Agha, A.M. (1994). Anaerobic/aerobic treatment of selected azo dyes in wastewater. Waste Management, 15: 127-137.
  • Shimada, T., Sugie, A., Shindo, M., Nakajima, T., Azuma, E., Hashimoto, M. ve Inoue, K. (2003). Tissue-specific induction of cytochromes P450 1A1 and 1B1 by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in engineered C57BL/6J mice of arylhydrocarbon receptor gene. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 187: 1-10.
  • Soderlund, D.M. ve Bloornguist, J.R. (1990). Molecular Resisitance in Arthropods. In: Roush R.T. & Tabashnik B.E. ed. Chapman Hall Press, New York, 58-96.Soni, R.K., Acharya, P.B. ve Modi, H.A. (2015). Toxicological assessment of reactive red 35 and its biodegraded products using cytogenotoxicity, oxidative stress and phytotoxicity studies. Environmental Science an Indian Journal, 11(7).
  • Stegeman, J.J., Woodin, B.R., Singh, H., Oleksiak, M.F. ve Celander, M. (1997). Cytochromes P450 (CYP) in tropical fishes: catalytic activities, expression of multiple CYP proteins and high levels of microsomal P450 in liver of fishes from Bermuda. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology&Pharmacology&Endocrinology, 116: 61-75.
  • Trute, M., Gallis, B., Doneanu, C., Shaffer, S., Goodlett, D. ve Gallagher, E. (2007). Characterization of hepatic glutathione S-transferases in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Aquatic Toxicology, 81: 126-136.
  • Yildirim, N.C. ve Dogan, L. (2018). Investigation of biochemical response in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, 1792) exposed to remazol brillant blue r textile dye. Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology, 19(1): 48-54.
  • Yildirim, N.C., Tanyol, M., Serdar, O. ve Tatar, S. (2018). Biochemical responses of Gammarus pulex to malachite green solutions decolorized by Coriolus versicolor as a biosorbent under batch adsorption conditions optimized with Response Surface Methodology. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 156: 41-47.
  • Varanasi, U. (1989). Metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the aquatic environment. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Şule Tatar 0000-0001-8962-0107

Osman Serdar This is me 0000-0003-1744-8883

Nuran Cıkcıkoğlu Yıldırım 0000-0003-3975-6705

Publication Date August 31, 2019
Submission Date March 21, 2019
Acceptance Date April 25, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 4 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Tatar, Ş., Serdar, O., & Cıkcıkoğlu Yıldırım, N. (2019). Kongo Kırmızısına Maruz Bırakılan Tatlı Su Amphipodu Gammarus Pulex’in Antioksidan ve Detoksifikasyon Sistemindeki Değişiklikler. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 4(2), 76-81. https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.542705


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