Research Article
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Year 2024, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 28 - 38, 29.04.2024
https://doi.org/10.53811/ijtcmr.1407843

Abstract

References

  • Mahmoud AD, Abba A. Ethnomedicinal survey of plants used for management of inflammatory diseases in Ringim local government, Jigawa state, Nigeria, Ethnobot. Res. Appl, 2021; 22: 1–27.
  • Dogara A, Labaran I, Hamad SW, Lema AA, Jakada BH. Traditional medicinal plants used for the treatment of cancer in Mubi, Adamawa state, Nigeria, QJPS, 2021; 26 (4): 258–268.
  • Dogara A, Hamad SW, Usman M, Tahir SM, Sunusi N, Yunusa A. Therapeutic plants used for typhoid fever treatment in Kaduna state, Nigeria. QJPS, 2021; 26(3): 9–21.
  • Kayfi S, Abdulrahman MD. Ethnopharmacology of plants in Choman, the Kurdistan region of Iraq, Appl. Biol. Res, 2021; 23(4): 322–330.
  • Abdulrahman MD, Ali AM, Fatihah H, Khandaker MM, Mat N. Traditional medicinal knowledge of Malays in Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia. Malay. Nat. J, 2018; 70(3): 349–364.
  • Ojatula AO, Olafusi GT, Adetutu HB. Antibacterial and bioactive properties of methanol and ethanol extracts of Materia medica Garcinia kola (Heckel). J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage, 2022; 27(7): 1379-1385.
  • Ojatula, AO, Nwanja N. In-vitro Studies of the Medicinal Plant Microdesmis keayana Methanol Leaves Extract Phytocomponents by GCMS Analysis: A Further Evidence for its Phytomedicinal Potentials in Enhancement of Reproductive Functions. AJBAR, 2023; 2(1): 192-202.
  • Yeshi K, Crayn D, Ritmejeryt˙e E, Wangchuk P. Plant secondary metabolites produced in response to abiotic stresses has potential application in pharmaceutical product development. Mol, 2022; 27(313): 1-32.
  • Ojatula, AO. Preliminary assessment of acute and 14-days repeated dose oral toxicity of Pausinystalia yohimbe (K. Schum.) Pierre ex Beille methanol root extract on experimental rats. PCBS Journal, 2020; 14(3): 191-202.
  • WHO. WHO Global Report on Traditional and Complementary Medicine. Luxembourg: World Health Organization. 2019; 102.
  • Obakiro SB, Kiprop A, Kigondu E, K’owino I, Kiyimba K, Kato CD, et al. Sub-acute toxicity effects of aqueous root extract of Entada abyssinica on biochemical, haematological and histopathological parameters in wistar albino rats. Front. pharmacol, 2021; 12: 1-12.
  • Ojatula AO, Oshodi AR, Adetutu HB. In-vitro evaluation of potential antioxidant properties of Eleusine indica and in-vivo visceral organ protective effect of higher-dose of the phytoextract in normotensive rats. RSUJBAS, 2023; 3(1): 55-67.
  • Ojatula AO. Biomolecules and phytominerals profiling of Pausinystalia yohimbe (K. Schum.) Pierre ex Beille root extract. J. funct. mater. biomol, 2019b; 3(2): 312-316.
  • Erukainure OL, Salau VF, Chukwuma CI, Islam MS. Kolaviron: a biflavonoid with numerous health benefits. Curr Pharm Des, 2021; 27:490–504.
  • Manourova A, Leuner O, Tchoundjeu Z, et al. Medicinal potential, utilization and domestication status of bitter kola (Garcinia kola Heckel) in West and Central Africa. Forests. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10020124.
  • Tugume P, Nyakoojo, C. Ethno-pharmacological survey of herbal remedies used in the treatment of paediatric diseases in Buhunga parish, Rukungiri District, Uganda. BMC complement. med. ther, 2019; 19(353): 1-10.
  • Dogara AM, Hamad SW, Hama HA, et al. Biological evaluation of Garcinia kola Heckel. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3837965
  • Emmanuel O, Uche ME, Dike ED, et al. A review on Garcinia kola Heckel: traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and toxicology. Biomarkers, 2022; 27:101–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/1354750X.2021.
  • Akoro SM, Aiyelaagbe OO, Onocha PA, Gloer JB. Gakolanone: a new benzophenone derivative from Garcinia kola Heckel stem-bark. Nat Prod Res, 2020; 34:241–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2018.1528583.
  • Evans WC. Trease and Evan’s Pharmacognosy. 5th ed., Harcourt Brace and Company. 2002; 336.
  • Edeoga HO, Okwu DE, Mbaebie BO. Phytochemical constituents of some Nigerian medicinal plants. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2005; 4[7]: 685-688.
  • Meyer BN, Ferrigni NR, Putnam JE, et al. Brine shrimp, a convenient general bioassay for active plant constituents. Planta Medica. 1982; 45: 31-34.
  • Finney DJ. Probit analysis. 3rd edn. Cambridge University Press. 1971.
  • Clarkson C, Maharaj VJ, Crouch NR, et al. In vitro antiplasmodial activity of medicinal plants native to or naturalized in South Africa. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2004; 92: 177-191.
  • Perez C, Pauli M, Barzeque P. An antibiotic essay by the agar-well diffusion method. ActaBiol. Med. Exp. 1990; 15:113-115
  • Idowu PA, Moody JO, Odelola, HA. Antimicrobial activity of the crude extracts and isolated fractions of Garcinia kola Heckel stem bark. Niger. J. Sci. 2006; 40; 81-85.
  • CLSI. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 31st ed. CLSI supplement M100S. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Institute.
  • Andrews JM. Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2001; 48: 5-16.
  • WHO. Global Priority List of Antibiotic-Resistance Bacteria to Guide Research, Discovery, and Development of New Antibiotics. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2017.
  • Heinrich M, Joanne-Barnes J, Gibbons S, Kinghorn AD. Fundamentals of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy. Elsevier, Churchill-LivingStone; 2012; 166-173.
  • Ukaoma AA, Ukaoma VO, Okechukwu RI, Iwuagwu M. Phytochemical screening and antibacterial properties of Garcinia kola. J. phytopharmacol 2013; 2(3): 34-38.
  • Emmanuel EE, Paul ST, Ime RE, Mohammad I. Isolation and characterization of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, antiglycation, antihyperglycaemic, antioxidant, and cytotoxic effects of Garcinia kola Heckel roots extract and fractions. S. Afr. J. Bot. 2021; 140: 62-67
  • Ferguson LR. Role of plant polyphenols in genomic stability. Mutation Research 2001; 475: 9-111.
  • Hodek P, Trefil P, Stiborova A. Flavonoids-potent and versatile biologically active compounds interacting with cytochrome P450. Chemico-Biological Interactions 2002; 139:1-21.
  • Scalbert A. Antimicrobial properties of tannins. Phytochemistry 1991; 30: 3875-3883.
  • Dharmananda S. allnuts and the uses of Tannins in Chinese medicine. In; Proceedings of Institutes for Traditional Medicine, Portland, Oregon. 2003.
  • Li H, Wang Z. and liu Y. Review in the studies on tannins activity of cancer prevention and anticancer. 2003; 26(6): 444-448.
  • Terashima K, Aqil M, Niwa M. Garcinianin, a novel biflavonoid from the root of Garcinia kola. Heterocycles 1995; 41 (10), 2245–2250.
  • Han Q, Lee S, Qiao C, He Z, Song J, Sun H, Xu H. 2005. Complete NMR assignments of the antibacterial biflavonoid GB1 from Garcinia kola. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 53 (8), 1034–1036.
  • Adebisi AA. Bitter cola: the African wonder nut. http://www.Cifor.Cgiar.org/publications/pdf-files/books/Restution-Africacase/ NTFP-Africa case-part 2.pdf. [cited 16 May 2007].
  • Badger-Emeka LI, Hany EK, Emeka PM. Evaluation of Different Fractions of Garcinia kola Extracts against Multidrug Resistant Clinical Bacterial and Fungal Isolates. Pharmacogn J. 2018; 10(5):1055-60.
  • Ezeigbo OR, Ejike EN, Nwachukwu I, Ejike BU. Comparative Antibacterial Activity of Methanolic, Ethanolic and Aqueous Extract of Garcinia kola (Bitter kola) and Cola nitida (Kola nut). Int. J. Plant Res 2016; 6(3): 53-56.
  • Sibanda T, Olaniran AO and Okoh AI. In vitro antibacterial activities of crude extracts of Garcinia kola seeds against wound sepsis associated Staphylococcus strains. J. Med. Plant Res 2010; Vol. 4(8), 710-716.
  • Osungunna MO. Screening of Medicinal Plants for Antimicrobial Activity: Pharmacognosy and Microbiological Perspectives. J Microbiol, Biotech & Food Sci. 2020; 9(4):727-735.
  • Aqil F, Ahmad I. Antibacterial properties of traditionally used Indian medicinal plants. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2007; 29(2):79-92.
  • Thormar H. Lipids and essential oils as antimicrobial agents. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrim, South Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, United Kingdom; 2011:212-213.
  • Ghosh A, Banik S, Islam M. In vitro thrombolytic, anthelmintic, anti-oxidant and cytotoxic activity with phytochemical screening of methanolic extract of Xanthium indicum leaves. Bangladesh J Pharmacol. 2015; 10: 854-59.
  • Kibiti C, Afolayan A. Antifungal activity and brine shrimp toxicity assessment of Bulbine abyssinica used in the folk medicine in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Bangladesh J Pharmacol. 2016; 11: 469-77.
  • Oberlies NH, Rogers LL, Martin JM, McLaughlin JH. Cytotoxic and insecticidal constituents of the unripe fruit of Persea americana. J Nat Prod. 1998; 61: 781-85.
  • Michael AS, Thampson CG, Abramoritz M. Artemia salina as a test organism for bioassay. Science 1956; 123: 464.
  • Maurer-Jones MA, Love SA, Meierhofer S, Marquis BJ, Liu Z, Haynes CL. Toxicity of nanoparticles to brine shrimp: An introduction to nanotoxicity and interdisciplinary science. J Chem Educ. 2013; 90: 475-78.
  • Onajobi, IB, Oladele AT, Fabiyi TD. Brine shrimp lethality and acute toxicity studies on aqueous and ethanol extracts of Garcinia kola. JASEM. 2014; 18[1]: 59-62.

Antibacterial, Phytochemical and Toxicological Activities of Garcinia kola Extracts against Multidrug Resistant Clinical Bacteria

Year 2024, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 28 - 38, 29.04.2024
https://doi.org/10.53811/ijtcmr.1407843

Abstract

Objective: The rise in multiple antibiotic resistant microorganisms has led to a decline in the efficacy of many antibiotics, prompting the investigation of alternative solutions such as medicinal plants. To tackle this concerning issue, this study was undertaken to evaluate the phytochemical composition, antibacterial activity, and toxicological characteristics of Garcinia kola extracts against multidrug-resistant bacteria commonly found in clinical settings.
Material-Method: The cold maceration technique was employed to extract the root and leaf of Garcinia kola using water and methanol. The extracts were then subjected to phytochemical screening. To evaluate the extracts' potential to inhibit bacterial growth, five multidrug-resistant isolates were utilized in this study. Agar well assay was used to determine the zones of inhibition. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were determined using the broth macro dilution technique. Additionally, Brine shrimp lethality assay was conducted to determine the lethal concentration (LC50) of the extracts. The extracts were also combined for synergism.
Results: The investigation found that the root extract in methanol had the highest yield at 25.58%. All four extracts contained ten out of the fourteen tested phytochemicals. The methanol leaf and root extracts exhibited the highest and lowest inhibition zones of 20mm and 9mm against Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. The MIC values ranged from 250 to 600 mg/ml, indicating broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. The cytotoxicity test showed a range of 33.03 to 126.3µg/mL for the aqueous and methanol extracts.
Conclusion: Although Garcinia kola shows potential as a source of antibacterial compounds, caution should be exercised due to its toxic effects.

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References

  • Mahmoud AD, Abba A. Ethnomedicinal survey of plants used for management of inflammatory diseases in Ringim local government, Jigawa state, Nigeria, Ethnobot. Res. Appl, 2021; 22: 1–27.
  • Dogara A, Labaran I, Hamad SW, Lema AA, Jakada BH. Traditional medicinal plants used for the treatment of cancer in Mubi, Adamawa state, Nigeria, QJPS, 2021; 26 (4): 258–268.
  • Dogara A, Hamad SW, Usman M, Tahir SM, Sunusi N, Yunusa A. Therapeutic plants used for typhoid fever treatment in Kaduna state, Nigeria. QJPS, 2021; 26(3): 9–21.
  • Kayfi S, Abdulrahman MD. Ethnopharmacology of plants in Choman, the Kurdistan region of Iraq, Appl. Biol. Res, 2021; 23(4): 322–330.
  • Abdulrahman MD, Ali AM, Fatihah H, Khandaker MM, Mat N. Traditional medicinal knowledge of Malays in Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia. Malay. Nat. J, 2018; 70(3): 349–364.
  • Ojatula AO, Olafusi GT, Adetutu HB. Antibacterial and bioactive properties of methanol and ethanol extracts of Materia medica Garcinia kola (Heckel). J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage, 2022; 27(7): 1379-1385.
  • Ojatula, AO, Nwanja N. In-vitro Studies of the Medicinal Plant Microdesmis keayana Methanol Leaves Extract Phytocomponents by GCMS Analysis: A Further Evidence for its Phytomedicinal Potentials in Enhancement of Reproductive Functions. AJBAR, 2023; 2(1): 192-202.
  • Yeshi K, Crayn D, Ritmejeryt˙e E, Wangchuk P. Plant secondary metabolites produced in response to abiotic stresses has potential application in pharmaceutical product development. Mol, 2022; 27(313): 1-32.
  • Ojatula, AO. Preliminary assessment of acute and 14-days repeated dose oral toxicity of Pausinystalia yohimbe (K. Schum.) Pierre ex Beille methanol root extract on experimental rats. PCBS Journal, 2020; 14(3): 191-202.
  • WHO. WHO Global Report on Traditional and Complementary Medicine. Luxembourg: World Health Organization. 2019; 102.
  • Obakiro SB, Kiprop A, Kigondu E, K’owino I, Kiyimba K, Kato CD, et al. Sub-acute toxicity effects of aqueous root extract of Entada abyssinica on biochemical, haematological and histopathological parameters in wistar albino rats. Front. pharmacol, 2021; 12: 1-12.
  • Ojatula AO, Oshodi AR, Adetutu HB. In-vitro evaluation of potential antioxidant properties of Eleusine indica and in-vivo visceral organ protective effect of higher-dose of the phytoextract in normotensive rats. RSUJBAS, 2023; 3(1): 55-67.
  • Ojatula AO. Biomolecules and phytominerals profiling of Pausinystalia yohimbe (K. Schum.) Pierre ex Beille root extract. J. funct. mater. biomol, 2019b; 3(2): 312-316.
  • Erukainure OL, Salau VF, Chukwuma CI, Islam MS. Kolaviron: a biflavonoid with numerous health benefits. Curr Pharm Des, 2021; 27:490–504.
  • Manourova A, Leuner O, Tchoundjeu Z, et al. Medicinal potential, utilization and domestication status of bitter kola (Garcinia kola Heckel) in West and Central Africa. Forests. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10020124.
  • Tugume P, Nyakoojo, C. Ethno-pharmacological survey of herbal remedies used in the treatment of paediatric diseases in Buhunga parish, Rukungiri District, Uganda. BMC complement. med. ther, 2019; 19(353): 1-10.
  • Dogara AM, Hamad SW, Hama HA, et al. Biological evaluation of Garcinia kola Heckel. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3837965
  • Emmanuel O, Uche ME, Dike ED, et al. A review on Garcinia kola Heckel: traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and toxicology. Biomarkers, 2022; 27:101–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/1354750X.2021.
  • Akoro SM, Aiyelaagbe OO, Onocha PA, Gloer JB. Gakolanone: a new benzophenone derivative from Garcinia kola Heckel stem-bark. Nat Prod Res, 2020; 34:241–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2018.1528583.
  • Evans WC. Trease and Evan’s Pharmacognosy. 5th ed., Harcourt Brace and Company. 2002; 336.
  • Edeoga HO, Okwu DE, Mbaebie BO. Phytochemical constituents of some Nigerian medicinal plants. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2005; 4[7]: 685-688.
  • Meyer BN, Ferrigni NR, Putnam JE, et al. Brine shrimp, a convenient general bioassay for active plant constituents. Planta Medica. 1982; 45: 31-34.
  • Finney DJ. Probit analysis. 3rd edn. Cambridge University Press. 1971.
  • Clarkson C, Maharaj VJ, Crouch NR, et al. In vitro antiplasmodial activity of medicinal plants native to or naturalized in South Africa. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2004; 92: 177-191.
  • Perez C, Pauli M, Barzeque P. An antibiotic essay by the agar-well diffusion method. ActaBiol. Med. Exp. 1990; 15:113-115
  • Idowu PA, Moody JO, Odelola, HA. Antimicrobial activity of the crude extracts and isolated fractions of Garcinia kola Heckel stem bark. Niger. J. Sci. 2006; 40; 81-85.
  • CLSI. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 31st ed. CLSI supplement M100S. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Institute.
  • Andrews JM. Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2001; 48: 5-16.
  • WHO. Global Priority List of Antibiotic-Resistance Bacteria to Guide Research, Discovery, and Development of New Antibiotics. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2017.
  • Heinrich M, Joanne-Barnes J, Gibbons S, Kinghorn AD. Fundamentals of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy. Elsevier, Churchill-LivingStone; 2012; 166-173.
  • Ukaoma AA, Ukaoma VO, Okechukwu RI, Iwuagwu M. Phytochemical screening and antibacterial properties of Garcinia kola. J. phytopharmacol 2013; 2(3): 34-38.
  • Emmanuel EE, Paul ST, Ime RE, Mohammad I. Isolation and characterization of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, antiglycation, antihyperglycaemic, antioxidant, and cytotoxic effects of Garcinia kola Heckel roots extract and fractions. S. Afr. J. Bot. 2021; 140: 62-67
  • Ferguson LR. Role of plant polyphenols in genomic stability. Mutation Research 2001; 475: 9-111.
  • Hodek P, Trefil P, Stiborova A. Flavonoids-potent and versatile biologically active compounds interacting with cytochrome P450. Chemico-Biological Interactions 2002; 139:1-21.
  • Scalbert A. Antimicrobial properties of tannins. Phytochemistry 1991; 30: 3875-3883.
  • Dharmananda S. allnuts and the uses of Tannins in Chinese medicine. In; Proceedings of Institutes for Traditional Medicine, Portland, Oregon. 2003.
  • Li H, Wang Z. and liu Y. Review in the studies on tannins activity of cancer prevention and anticancer. 2003; 26(6): 444-448.
  • Terashima K, Aqil M, Niwa M. Garcinianin, a novel biflavonoid from the root of Garcinia kola. Heterocycles 1995; 41 (10), 2245–2250.
  • Han Q, Lee S, Qiao C, He Z, Song J, Sun H, Xu H. 2005. Complete NMR assignments of the antibacterial biflavonoid GB1 from Garcinia kola. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 53 (8), 1034–1036.
  • Adebisi AA. Bitter cola: the African wonder nut. http://www.Cifor.Cgiar.org/publications/pdf-files/books/Restution-Africacase/ NTFP-Africa case-part 2.pdf. [cited 16 May 2007].
  • Badger-Emeka LI, Hany EK, Emeka PM. Evaluation of Different Fractions of Garcinia kola Extracts against Multidrug Resistant Clinical Bacterial and Fungal Isolates. Pharmacogn J. 2018; 10(5):1055-60.
  • Ezeigbo OR, Ejike EN, Nwachukwu I, Ejike BU. Comparative Antibacterial Activity of Methanolic, Ethanolic and Aqueous Extract of Garcinia kola (Bitter kola) and Cola nitida (Kola nut). Int. J. Plant Res 2016; 6(3): 53-56.
  • Sibanda T, Olaniran AO and Okoh AI. In vitro antibacterial activities of crude extracts of Garcinia kola seeds against wound sepsis associated Staphylococcus strains. J. Med. Plant Res 2010; Vol. 4(8), 710-716.
  • Osungunna MO. Screening of Medicinal Plants for Antimicrobial Activity: Pharmacognosy and Microbiological Perspectives. J Microbiol, Biotech & Food Sci. 2020; 9(4):727-735.
  • Aqil F, Ahmad I. Antibacterial properties of traditionally used Indian medicinal plants. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2007; 29(2):79-92.
  • Thormar H. Lipids and essential oils as antimicrobial agents. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrim, South Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, United Kingdom; 2011:212-213.
  • Ghosh A, Banik S, Islam M. In vitro thrombolytic, anthelmintic, anti-oxidant and cytotoxic activity with phytochemical screening of methanolic extract of Xanthium indicum leaves. Bangladesh J Pharmacol. 2015; 10: 854-59.
  • Kibiti C, Afolayan A. Antifungal activity and brine shrimp toxicity assessment of Bulbine abyssinica used in the folk medicine in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Bangladesh J Pharmacol. 2016; 11: 469-77.
  • Oberlies NH, Rogers LL, Martin JM, McLaughlin JH. Cytotoxic and insecticidal constituents of the unripe fruit of Persea americana. J Nat Prod. 1998; 61: 781-85.
  • Michael AS, Thampson CG, Abramoritz M. Artemia salina as a test organism for bioassay. Science 1956; 123: 464.
  • Maurer-Jones MA, Love SA, Meierhofer S, Marquis BJ, Liu Z, Haynes CL. Toxicity of nanoparticles to brine shrimp: An introduction to nanotoxicity and interdisciplinary science. J Chem Educ. 2013; 90: 475-78.
  • Onajobi, IB, Oladele AT, Fabiyi TD. Brine shrimp lethality and acute toxicity studies on aqueous and ethanol extracts of Garcinia kola. JASEM. 2014; 18[1]: 59-62.
There are 52 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Traditional, Complementary and Integrative Medicine (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Kolawole Oyetunji 0000-0001-7110-6804

Blessing Nwadike 0000-0001-7110-6804

Publication Date April 29, 2024
Submission Date December 21, 2023
Acceptance Date April 5, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Oyetunji, K., & Nwadike, B. (2024). Antibacterial, Phytochemical and Toxicological Activities of Garcinia kola Extracts against Multidrug Resistant Clinical Bacteria. International Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research, 5(1), 28-38. https://doi.org/10.53811/ijtcmr.1407843

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