Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Investigation of alternative vehicle applications for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in urban public transport: The case of Adana province

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 4, 220 - 229, 20.12.2023

Çağrı Ün

https://doi.org/10.26701/ems.1344141

Abstract

Passenger cars, trucks, commercial airplanes, and railways all contribute to greenhouse gas emissions as part of the transportation sector. The usage of fossil fuels such as gasoline and diesel emits exhaust gases commonly referred to as greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere. The buildup of these greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is responsible for global warming, a phenomenon that is becoming increasingly pronounced in today’s climate. In response to the GHG problem, cities have started setting targets to reduce their emission values. Adana is one of the cities that has set reduction targets. In all of the studies forming the basis of this research, the potential for transitioning buses and minibuses used in public transportation in Adana to alternative vehicles is investigated, with a focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This study includes a comparison between electric, compressed natural gas (CNG), hydrogen and conventional vehicles, considering various parameters such as fuel economy estimates, vehicle size, and emission calculations. The research delves into greenhouse gas emission calculations specific to the Adana province, along with potential alternative applications in public transportation. Within the province, the transportation sector accounts for 27% of the total city inventory’s emissions. This study shows that converting the existing urban public transport fleet to alternative buses can lead an impressive reduction in greenhouse gas emissions as 81.93% with electric car, while hydrogen vehicles achieve a commendable 57.37% decrease. This underscores the substantial potential of electric and hydrogen-powered vehicles to lead to a significant reduction in transportation-related carbon emissions in the city. Consequently, the research places significant emphasis on addressing the transportation sector, which stands out as a primary contributor to emissions.

Keywords

Electric vehicle emission greenhouse gas fuels

Supporting Institution

Adana Metropolitan Municipality

References

  • [1] X.L. Yue, Q.X. Gao, Contributions of natural systems and human activity to greenhouse gas emissions, Adv. Clim. Change Res. 4 (2018) 243-252.
  • [2] S. Fawzy, A.I. Osman, J. Doran, D.W. Rooney, Strategies for mitigation of climate change: a review, Environ. Chem. Lett. 18 (2020) 2069-2094.
  • [3] N. Valizadeh, S. Esfandiyari Bayat, M. Bijani, D. Hayati, A.H. Viira, V. Tanaskovik, A. Kurban, H. Azadi, Understanding Farmers’ Intention towards the Management and Conservation of Wetlands, Land. 10 (2021) 860.
  • [4] J. Jacquemont, R. Blasiak, C. Le Cam, M. Le Gouellec, J. Claudet, Ocean conservation boosts climate change mitigation and adaptation, One Earth. 10 (2022) 1126-1138.
  • [5] N. Watts, M. Amann, N. Arnell, S. Ayeb-Karlsson, K. Belesova, M. Boykoff, The 2019 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate, Lancet. 394 (2019) 1836-1878.
  • [6] S. Pourjavid, A.R. Poursaeed, S.M. Mirdamadi, Modeling the Effectiveness of Urban Agriculture Education Courses, Urban Ecosyst. 23 (2020) 927-932.
  • [7] C.A. Ogunbode, R. Doran, D. Hanss, M. Ojala, K. Salmela-Aro, K.L. van den Broek, Climate anxiety, wellbeing and pro-environmental action: correlates of negative emotional responses to climate change in 32 countries, J. Environ. Psychol. 84 (2022).
  • [8] UNEP, Cities and climate change report-2023, (accessed date: 10 September 2023). https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/resource-efficiency/what-we-do/cities/cities-and-climate-change.
  • [9] European Energy Agency, Urban sustainability, (accessed date: 10 September 2023). https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/urban-sustainability.
  • [10] A.A. Aşıcı, S. Acar, Channels of Cooperation Between The EU and Turkey on Green Transformation, Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi. 21 (2022) 43-67.
  • [11] Ministry of Trade: Republic of Türkiye, Green Deal Action Plan, Ministry Publications (2021).
  • [12] CDP-ICLEI Track Guidance, Report for the Global Covenant of Mayors (2023).
  • [13] O. Edenhofer (Ed.), Climate change 2014: mitigation of climate change, Cambridge University Press (2015).
  • [14] Emissions of Carbon Dioxide in the Transportation Sector, (accessed date: 15 October 2023). https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58861.
  • [15] IEA Tracking Clean Energy Progress-2023, IEA, Paris, (accessed date: 10 September 2023). https://www.iea.org/reports/tracking-clean-energy-progress-2023.
  • [16] H. Ritchie, M. Roser, P. Rosado, CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions, (accessed date: 10 September 2023). https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions.
  • [17] Tailpipe Greenhouse Gas Emissions From a Typical Passenger Vehicle Report, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 420-F-23-014, (2023).
  • [18] Z. Peng, S. Shen, Q. Lu, S. Perch in M. Kutz (Eds.) Climate Change and Transportation, Handbook of Transportation Engineering Volume II, McGraw Hill, New York, (2010).
  • [19] D.L. Greene, Sustainable Transport, Journal of Transport Geography, 5 (1997) 177-190.
  • [20] Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan (SECAP) of Adana City, Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change & Adana Metropolitan Municipality & World Bank & Sustainable Cities & ILBANK & EU & ARUP Publications, (2022).
  • [21] UNEP. The eMob calculator, (accessed date: 10 September 2023). https://www.unep.org/resources/toolkits-manuals-and-guides/emob-calculator.
  • [22] G. Tüccar, E. Tosun, M. Özcanlı, K. Aydın, Possibility of Turkey to transit Electric Vehicle-based transportation, International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies. 2 (2013) 64-69.
  • [23] Energy Education, GHGs for AFVs, (accessed date: 17 September 2023). https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/GHGs_for_AFVs#cite_note-DOE-2.
  • [24] F. Synák, J. Gaňa, V. Rievaj, L. Mokričková, Ways of reducing carbon dioxide from road transport, The Archives of Automotive Engineering – Archiwum Motoryzacji. 4 (2019) 41–54. DOI: 10.14669/AM.VOL86.ART3
  • [25] TURKSTAT Greenhouse Gas Emission Statistics, 1990-2021, Report No: 49672, (2023).
  • [26] Sustainable Energy Action Plan, Antalya Metropolitan Municipality, (2021).
  • [27] Izmir Green City Action Plan, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Izmir Metropolitan Municipality, AECOM and Green Engineering, (2020).
  • [28] Ankara Climate Change Action Plan, Ankara Metropolitan Municipality, (2022).
  • [29] Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, Environmental Protection and Control Department & Climate Change Department, Climate Monitoring Report (2022).
  • [30] Ç. Ün, Investigation and mitigation studies of transportation-based greenhouse gas emissions in Adana city, in S. Guldal (Ed.), Sustainability of Natural Resources’ Efficiency, Iksad Publications, (2022) 105-128. ISBN: 978-625-8213-08-9
  • [31] R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.), IPCC: 2014 Climate Change Synthesis Report, Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, (2014) 151.
  • [32] Y. Kaya, Impact of Carbon Dioxide Emission Control on GNP Growth: Interpretation of Proposed Scenarios, Paper presented to the IPCC Energy and Industry Subgroup, Response Strategies Working Group, Paris. Mimeo, (1990).
  • [33] Z. Wang, D. Jing, Z. Lu, Decomposition of factors impact on carbon emission for China based on LMDI, International Journal of Nonlinear Science, 12 (2011) 80-85.
  • [34] TUIK Data, (accessed date: 10 September 2023). https://data.tuik.gov.tr/.
  • [35] Transport and environment report-2021, Decarbonising road transport — the role of vehicles, fuels and transport demand, EEA Report No 02/2022, European Environment Agency, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, (2022).
  • [36] Fuel Cell Buses: Best Practices and Commercialization Approaches, (accessed date: 10 September 2023). https://cms.uitp.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Knowledge-Brief-Fuel-Cell-Buses_web.pdf.
  • [37] R. Kaplan, M. Kopacz, Economic Conditions for Developing Hydrogen Production Based on Coal Gasification with Carbon Capture and Storage in Poland, Energies, 13 (2020) 1–20. DOI: 10.3390/en13195074.
  • [38] D. Brzezińska, J. Januszewski, Enclosure Safety in a Case of Hydrogen, CNG, or LNG Accidental Release from a Bus Tank, Chemical Engineering Transactions, 90 (2022) 349-354. DOI: 10.3303/CET2290059
  • [39] D.A. Hensher, E. Wei, C. Balbontin, Comparative assessment of zero emission electric and hydrogen buses in Australia, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 102 (2022) 103130. DOI: 10.1016/j.trd.2021.103130.
  • [40] O. Topal, İ. Nakir, Total Cost of Ownership Based Economic Analysis of Diesel, CNG and Electric Bus Concepts for the Public Transport in Istanbul City. Energies 11 (2018) 2369. DOI: 10.3390/en11092369.

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 4, 220 - 229, 20.12.2023

Çağrı Ün

https://doi.org/10.26701/ems.1344141

Abstract

References

  • [1] X.L. Yue, Q.X. Gao, Contributions of natural systems and human activity to greenhouse gas emissions, Adv. Clim. Change Res. 4 (2018) 243-252.
  • [2] S. Fawzy, A.I. Osman, J. Doran, D.W. Rooney, Strategies for mitigation of climate change: a review, Environ. Chem. Lett. 18 (2020) 2069-2094.
  • [3] N. Valizadeh, S. Esfandiyari Bayat, M. Bijani, D. Hayati, A.H. Viira, V. Tanaskovik, A. Kurban, H. Azadi, Understanding Farmers’ Intention towards the Management and Conservation of Wetlands, Land. 10 (2021) 860.
  • [4] J. Jacquemont, R. Blasiak, C. Le Cam, M. Le Gouellec, J. Claudet, Ocean conservation boosts climate change mitigation and adaptation, One Earth. 10 (2022) 1126-1138.
  • [5] N. Watts, M. Amann, N. Arnell, S. Ayeb-Karlsson, K. Belesova, M. Boykoff, The 2019 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate, Lancet. 394 (2019) 1836-1878.
  • [6] S. Pourjavid, A.R. Poursaeed, S.M. Mirdamadi, Modeling the Effectiveness of Urban Agriculture Education Courses, Urban Ecosyst. 23 (2020) 927-932.
  • [7] C.A. Ogunbode, R. Doran, D. Hanss, M. Ojala, K. Salmela-Aro, K.L. van den Broek, Climate anxiety, wellbeing and pro-environmental action: correlates of negative emotional responses to climate change in 32 countries, J. Environ. Psychol. 84 (2022).
  • [8] UNEP, Cities and climate change report-2023, (accessed date: 10 September 2023). https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/resource-efficiency/what-we-do/cities/cities-and-climate-change.
  • [9] European Energy Agency, Urban sustainability, (accessed date: 10 September 2023). https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/urban-sustainability.
  • [10] A.A. Aşıcı, S. Acar, Channels of Cooperation Between The EU and Turkey on Green Transformation, Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi. 21 (2022) 43-67.
  • [11] Ministry of Trade: Republic of Türkiye, Green Deal Action Plan, Ministry Publications (2021).
  • [12] CDP-ICLEI Track Guidance, Report for the Global Covenant of Mayors (2023).
  • [13] O. Edenhofer (Ed.), Climate change 2014: mitigation of climate change, Cambridge University Press (2015).
  • [14] Emissions of Carbon Dioxide in the Transportation Sector, (accessed date: 15 October 2023). https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58861.
  • [15] IEA Tracking Clean Energy Progress-2023, IEA, Paris, (accessed date: 10 September 2023). https://www.iea.org/reports/tracking-clean-energy-progress-2023.
  • [16] H. Ritchie, M. Roser, P. Rosado, CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions, (accessed date: 10 September 2023). https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions.
  • [17] Tailpipe Greenhouse Gas Emissions From a Typical Passenger Vehicle Report, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 420-F-23-014, (2023).
  • [18] Z. Peng, S. Shen, Q. Lu, S. Perch in M. Kutz (Eds.) Climate Change and Transportation, Handbook of Transportation Engineering Volume II, McGraw Hill, New York, (2010).
  • [19] D.L. Greene, Sustainable Transport, Journal of Transport Geography, 5 (1997) 177-190.
  • [20] Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan (SECAP) of Adana City, Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change & Adana Metropolitan Municipality & World Bank & Sustainable Cities & ILBANK & EU & ARUP Publications, (2022).
  • [21] UNEP. The eMob calculator, (accessed date: 10 September 2023). https://www.unep.org/resources/toolkits-manuals-and-guides/emob-calculator.
  • [22] G. Tüccar, E. Tosun, M. Özcanlı, K. Aydın, Possibility of Turkey to transit Electric Vehicle-based transportation, International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies. 2 (2013) 64-69.
  • [23] Energy Education, GHGs for AFVs, (accessed date: 17 September 2023). https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/GHGs_for_AFVs#cite_note-DOE-2.
  • [24] F. Synák, J. Gaňa, V. Rievaj, L. Mokričková, Ways of reducing carbon dioxide from road transport, The Archives of Automotive Engineering – Archiwum Motoryzacji. 4 (2019) 41–54. DOI: 10.14669/AM.VOL86.ART3
  • [25] TURKSTAT Greenhouse Gas Emission Statistics, 1990-2021, Report No: 49672, (2023).
  • [26] Sustainable Energy Action Plan, Antalya Metropolitan Municipality, (2021).
  • [27] Izmir Green City Action Plan, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Izmir Metropolitan Municipality, AECOM and Green Engineering, (2020).
  • [28] Ankara Climate Change Action Plan, Ankara Metropolitan Municipality, (2022).
  • [29] Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, Environmental Protection and Control Department & Climate Change Department, Climate Monitoring Report (2022).
  • [30] Ç. Ün, Investigation and mitigation studies of transportation-based greenhouse gas emissions in Adana city, in S. Guldal (Ed.), Sustainability of Natural Resources’ Efficiency, Iksad Publications, (2022) 105-128. ISBN: 978-625-8213-08-9
  • [31] R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.), IPCC: 2014 Climate Change Synthesis Report, Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, (2014) 151.
  • [32] Y. Kaya, Impact of Carbon Dioxide Emission Control on GNP Growth: Interpretation of Proposed Scenarios, Paper presented to the IPCC Energy and Industry Subgroup, Response Strategies Working Group, Paris. Mimeo, (1990).
  • [33] Z. Wang, D. Jing, Z. Lu, Decomposition of factors impact on carbon emission for China based on LMDI, International Journal of Nonlinear Science, 12 (2011) 80-85.
  • [34] TUIK Data, (accessed date: 10 September 2023). https://data.tuik.gov.tr/.
  • [35] Transport and environment report-2021, Decarbonising road transport — the role of vehicles, fuels and transport demand, EEA Report No 02/2022, European Environment Agency, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, (2022).
  • [36] Fuel Cell Buses: Best Practices and Commercialization Approaches, (accessed date: 10 September 2023). https://cms.uitp.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Knowledge-Brief-Fuel-Cell-Buses_web.pdf.
  • [37] R. Kaplan, M. Kopacz, Economic Conditions for Developing Hydrogen Production Based on Coal Gasification with Carbon Capture and Storage in Poland, Energies, 13 (2020) 1–20. DOI: 10.3390/en13195074.
  • [38] D. Brzezińska, J. Januszewski, Enclosure Safety in a Case of Hydrogen, CNG, or LNG Accidental Release from a Bus Tank, Chemical Engineering Transactions, 90 (2022) 349-354. DOI: 10.3303/CET2290059
  • [39] D.A. Hensher, E. Wei, C. Balbontin, Comparative assessment of zero emission electric and hydrogen buses in Australia, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 102 (2022) 103130. DOI: 10.1016/j.trd.2021.103130.
  • [40] O. Topal, İ. Nakir, Total Cost of Ownership Based Economic Analysis of Diesel, CNG and Electric Bus Concepts for the Public Transport in Istanbul City. Energies 11 (2018) 2369. DOI: 10.3390/en11092369.
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Hybrid and Electric Vehicles and Powertrains, Automotive Combustion and Fuel Engineering, Automotive Engineering (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Çağrı Ün 0000-0002-7925-5000

Publication Date December 20, 2023
Acceptance Date October 16, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 7 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Ün, Ç. (2023). Investigation of alternative vehicle applications for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in urban public transport: The case of Adana province. European Mechanical Science, 7(4), 220-229. https://doi.org/10.26701/ems.1344141
AMA Ün Ç. Investigation of alternative vehicle applications for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in urban public transport: The case of Adana province. EMS. December 2023;7(4):220-229. doi:10.26701/ems.1344141
Chicago Ün, Çağrı. “Investigation of Alternative Vehicle Applications for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Urban Public Transport: The Case of Adana Province”. European Mechanical Science 7, no. 4 (December 2023): 220-29. https://doi.org/10.26701/ems.1344141.
EndNote Ün Ç (December 1, 2023) Investigation of alternative vehicle applications for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in urban public transport: The case of Adana province. European Mechanical Science 7 4 220–229.
IEEE Ç. Ün, “Investigation of alternative vehicle applications for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in urban public transport: The case of Adana province”, EMS, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 220–229, 2023, doi: 10.26701/ems.1344141.
ISNAD Ün, Çağrı. “Investigation of Alternative Vehicle Applications for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Urban Public Transport: The Case of Adana Province”. European Mechanical Science 7/4 (December 2023), 220-229. https://doi.org/10.26701/ems.1344141.
JAMA Ün Ç. Investigation of alternative vehicle applications for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in urban public transport: The case of Adana province. EMS. 2023;7:220–229.
MLA Ün, Çağrı. “Investigation of Alternative Vehicle Applications for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Urban Public Transport: The Case of Adana Province”. European Mechanical Science, vol. 7, no. 4, 2023, pp. 220-9, doi:10.26701/ems.1344141.
Vancouver Ün Ç. Investigation of alternative vehicle applications for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in urban public transport: The case of Adana province. EMS. 2023;7(4):220-9.
 Download Cover Image

Dergi TR Dizin'de Taranmaktadır.

Flag Counter