Effects of annealing temperature and duration on mechanical properties of PLA plastics produced by 3D Printing
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effect of annealing temperature and duration on the mechanical properties of PLA (polylactic acid) plastics produced by a 3D (three-dimensional) printer. For this purpose, PLA samples were annealed at 70 °C, 85 °C, and 100 °C temperatures and for 30, 60, and 90-minute durations. As a result of the study, it was shown that the annealing process has a significant effect on the mechanical properties of PLA plastics. Compared to the control sample, an increase of 48% in tensile stress, 78% in the modulus of elasticity, 28% in Shore D hardness value, and 41% in bending stress was observed. In particular, the highest mechanical properties of PLA plastics were reached after applying the annealing process at 85 °C temperature and for 90 minutes. These results demonstrate the advantages of using 3D printers in the production of products requiring high durability in industrial applications. Moreover, the study findings provide an important method for optimizing the mechanical properties of materials produced with 3D printer technology.
Keywords
Annealing process mechanical properties PLA plastics fused deposition modeling 3D printing.
Supporting Institution
Kastamonu University Scientific Research Coordinatorship
Project Number
KÜBAP-01/2022-38.
Thanks
We would like to thank Kastamonu University Scientific Research Coordinatorship for supporting this study with project number KÜBAP-01/2022-38.
References
- [1] Wach, R. A., Wolszczak, P., & Adamus‐Wlodarczyk, A. (2018). Enhancement of mechanical properties of FDM‐PLA parts via thermal annealing. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 303(9), 1800169. DOI: 10.1002/mame.201800169.
- [2] Simmons, H., Tiwary, P., Colwell, J. E., & Kontopoulou, M. (2019). Improvements in the crystallinity and mechanical properties of PLA by nucleation and annealing. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 166, 248-257. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.06.001.
- [3] Takayama, T., Todo, M., & Tsuji, H. (2011). Effect of annealing on the mechanical properties of PLA/PCL and PLA/PCL/LTI polymer blends. Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials, 4(3), 255-260. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2010.10.003.
- [4] Bhandari, S., Lopez-Anido, R. A., & Gardner, D. J. (2019). Enhancing the interlayer tensile strength of 3D printed short carbon fiber reinforced PETG and PLA composites via annealing. Additive Manufacturing, 30, 100922. DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2019.100922.
- [5] Srithep, Y., Nealey, P., & Turng, L. S. (2013). Effects of annealing time and temperature on the crystallinity and heat resistance behavior of injection‐molded poly (lactic acid). Polymer Engineering & Science, 53(3), 580-588. DOI: 10.1002/pen.23304.
- [6] Jayanth, N., Jaswanthraj, K., Sandeep, S., Mallaya, N. H., & Siddharth, S. R. (2021). Effect of heat treatment on mechanical properties of 3D printed PLA. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 123, 104764. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104764.
- [7] Bermudez, D., Quiñonez, P. A., Vasquez, E. J., Carrete, I. A., Word, T. J., & Roberson, D. A. (2021). A Comparison of the physical properties of two commercial 3D printing PLA grades. Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 16(2), 178-195. DOI: 10.1080/17452759.2021.1910047.
- [8] Arjun, P., Bidhun, V. K., Lenin, U. K., Amritha, V. P., Pazhamannil, R. V., & Govindan, P. (2022). Effects of process parameters and annealing on the tensile strength of 3D printed carbon fiber reinforced polylactic acid. Materials Today: Proceedings, 62, 7379-7384. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2022.02.142.
- [9] Vorkapić, M., Mladenović, I., Ivanov, T., Kovačević, A., Hasan, M. S., Simonović, A., & Trajković, I. (2022). Enhancing mechanical properties of 3D printed thermoplastic polymers by annealing in moulds. Advances in Mechanical Engineering, 14(8), 16878132221120737. DOI: 10.1177/16878132221120737.
- [10] Lluch-Cerezo, J., Meseguer, M. D., García-Manrique, J. A., & Benavente, R. (2022). Influence of Thermal Annealing Temperatures on Powder Mould Effectiveness to Avoid Deformations in ABS and PLA 3D-Printed Parts. Polymers, 14(13), 2607. DOI: 10.3390/polym14132607.
- [11] Luna, C. B., Siqueira, D. D., Araújo, E. M., & Wellen, R. M. (2021). Annealing efficacy on PLA. Insights on mechanical, thermomechanical, and crystallinity characters. Momento, (62), 1-17. DOI: 10.15446/mo.n62.89099.
- [12] Chandrasekhar, U., Yang, L. J., & Gowthaman, S. (Eds.). (2019). Innovative Design, Analysis and Development Practices in Aerospace and Automotive Engineering (I-DAD 2018): Volume 2. Springer Singapore. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-2718-6.
Abstract
Project Number
KÜBAP-01/2022-38.
References
- [1] Wach, R. A., Wolszczak, P., & Adamus‐Wlodarczyk, A. (2018). Enhancement of mechanical properties of FDM‐PLA parts via thermal annealing. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 303(9), 1800169. DOI: 10.1002/mame.201800169.
- [2] Simmons, H., Tiwary, P., Colwell, J. E., & Kontopoulou, M. (2019). Improvements in the crystallinity and mechanical properties of PLA by nucleation and annealing. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 166, 248-257. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.06.001.
- [3] Takayama, T., Todo, M., & Tsuji, H. (2011). Effect of annealing on the mechanical properties of PLA/PCL and PLA/PCL/LTI polymer blends. Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials, 4(3), 255-260. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2010.10.003.
- [4] Bhandari, S., Lopez-Anido, R. A., & Gardner, D. J. (2019). Enhancing the interlayer tensile strength of 3D printed short carbon fiber reinforced PETG and PLA composites via annealing. Additive Manufacturing, 30, 100922. DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2019.100922.
- [5] Srithep, Y., Nealey, P., & Turng, L. S. (2013). Effects of annealing time and temperature on the crystallinity and heat resistance behavior of injection‐molded poly (lactic acid). Polymer Engineering & Science, 53(3), 580-588. DOI: 10.1002/pen.23304.
- [6] Jayanth, N., Jaswanthraj, K., Sandeep, S., Mallaya, N. H., & Siddharth, S. R. (2021). Effect of heat treatment on mechanical properties of 3D printed PLA. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 123, 104764. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104764.
- [7] Bermudez, D., Quiñonez, P. A., Vasquez, E. J., Carrete, I. A., Word, T. J., & Roberson, D. A. (2021). A Comparison of the physical properties of two commercial 3D printing PLA grades. Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 16(2), 178-195. DOI: 10.1080/17452759.2021.1910047.
- [8] Arjun, P., Bidhun, V. K., Lenin, U. K., Amritha, V. P., Pazhamannil, R. V., & Govindan, P. (2022). Effects of process parameters and annealing on the tensile strength of 3D printed carbon fiber reinforced polylactic acid. Materials Today: Proceedings, 62, 7379-7384. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2022.02.142.
- [9] Vorkapić, M., Mladenović, I., Ivanov, T., Kovačević, A., Hasan, M. S., Simonović, A., & Trajković, I. (2022). Enhancing mechanical properties of 3D printed thermoplastic polymers by annealing in moulds. Advances in Mechanical Engineering, 14(8), 16878132221120737. DOI: 10.1177/16878132221120737.
- [10] Lluch-Cerezo, J., Meseguer, M. D., García-Manrique, J. A., & Benavente, R. (2022). Influence of Thermal Annealing Temperatures on Powder Mould Effectiveness to Avoid Deformations in ABS and PLA 3D-Printed Parts. Polymers, 14(13), 2607. DOI: 10.3390/polym14132607.
- [11] Luna, C. B., Siqueira, D. D., Araújo, E. M., & Wellen, R. M. (2021). Annealing efficacy on PLA. Insights on mechanical, thermomechanical, and crystallinity characters. Momento, (62), 1-17. DOI: 10.15446/mo.n62.89099.
- [12] Chandrasekhar, U., Yang, L. J., & Gowthaman, S. (Eds.). (2019). Innovative Design, Analysis and Development Practices in Aerospace and Automotive Engineering (I-DAD 2018): Volume 2. Springer Singapore. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-2718-6.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Mechanical Engineering |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Project Number | KÜBAP-01/2022-38. |
| Publication Date | September 20, 2023 |
| Acceptance Date | July 13, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023 Volume: 7 Issue: 3 |
