ECHINACEA GENUS: AN ENDLESS NATURAL THERAPEUTIC RESOURCE? AN OVERVIEW

Aurel Vasiu; Carmen Sandru; Emeline Chanove; Diana Olah; Emoke Pall; Ghoerghita Duca; Marina Spinu

doi:10.38093/cupmap.1317531

Review

ECHINACEA GENUS: AN ENDLESS NATURAL THERAPEUTIC RESOURCE? AN OVERVIEW

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 51 - 65, 02.07.2023

Aurel Vasiu Carmen Sandru Emeline Chanove Diana Olah Emoke Pall Ghoerghita Duca Marina Spinu

https://doi.org/10.38093/cupmap.1317531

Abstract

Echinacea spp., Asteraceae family represented one of the important genera of cultivated biologically active plants, well-known in traditional medicine. Its multiple effects were investigated along time, in the research for alternative therapies for synthetic drugs. Could this genus represent more than an alternative? Are its effects more valuable in medicine than thought before? This mini-review is exploring those possibilities.

Keywords

Echinacea spp., general biological effects, innate immunity, specific immunity

References

References 1. Alban S, Classen B, Brunner G, Blaschek W. -2002 - Differentiation between the complement modulating effects of an arabinogalactan-protein from Echinacea purpurea and heparin. Planta Med.;68(12):1118-24.
2. Balciunaite, G.; Haimi, P.-J.; Mikniene, Z.; Savickas, G.; Ragazinskiene, O.; Juodziukyniene, N.; Baniulis, D.; Pangonyte, D. Identification of Echinacea Purpurea (L.) Moench Root LysM Lectin with Nephrotoxic Properties. Toxins 2020, 12, 88.
3. Barrett B. -2003- Medicinal properties of Echinacea: a critical review. Phytomedicine. Jan;10(1):66-86.
4. Bauer R. – 2002 - New knowledge regarding the effect and effectiveness of Echinacea purpurea extracts]Wien Med Wochenschr.;152(15-16):407-11.
5. Bauer R. -1996-Echinacea drugs effects and active ingredients, Z Arztl Fortbild (Jena); 90(2):111-5.
6. Bauer R., Hoheisel O., Stuhlfauth I., Wolf H. - 1999 - Extract of the Echinacea purpurea herb: an allopathic phytoimmunostimulant, Wien Med Wochenschr.; 149 (8-10): 185-9.
7. Bauer R., Jurcic K., Puhlmann J., Wagner H.- 1988 - Immunologic in vivo and in vitro studies on Echinacea extracts Arzneimittelforschung. Feb;38(2):276-81.
8. Bauer R., Wagner H. – 1990 – Echinaceea – Handbuch fur Arzte, Apotheker und andere Naturwissenschaftler, Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart.
9. Belaeva T.N., Butenkova, A.N. - 2018 - Comparative analysis of the leaf anatomy of Echinacea purpurea and E. pallida. Biosyst. Divers. 26, 77–84
10. Block K.I., Mead MN. – 2003 - Immune system effects of Echinacea, ginseng, and astragalus: a review. Integr Cancer Ther.;2(3):247-67
11. Bodinet, C., Freudenstein, J. - 1999 - Effects of an orally applied aqueous-ethanolic extract of a mixture of Thujae occidentalis herba, Baptisiae tinctoriae radix, Echinaceae purpureae radix and Echinaceae pallidae radix on antibody response against sheep red blood cells in mice, Planta Med., Dec 65:8 695-9.
12. Burlou-Nagy C., Bănică F., Jurca T., Vicaș L.G., Marian E., Muresan M.E., Bácskay I., Kiss R., Fehér P., Pallag A. – 2022- Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench: Biological and Pharmacological Properties. A Review. Plants (Basel). 11(9):1244.
13. Cohen, A., Lee, J. W., Dosch, H. M., Gelfand, E. W. -1980- The expression of deoxyguanosine toxicity in T lymphocytes at different stages of maturation. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 125(4), 1578–1582.
14. Echinacea purpurea Aerial Parts, Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench- Standards of Analysis, Quality Control, and Therapeutics - 2007- American Herbal Pharmacopoeia and Therapeutic Compendium Ed. Roy Upton
15. El-Gengaihi S.E., Shalaby A.S., Agina E.A., Hendawy S.F. -1998 - Alkylamides of Echinacea sp. purpurea L. as influenced by plant ontogony and fertilization. J Herb Spices Med Plant 5: 35–41
16. Giles JT, Palat CT 3rd, Chien SH, Chang ZG, Kennedy DT. – 2000 - Evaluation of echinacea for treatment of the common cold. Pharmacotherapy.;20(6):690-7.
17. Goel V., Chang C., Slama J.V., Barton R., Bauer R., Gahler R., Basu T.K.-2002 - Alkylamides of Echinacea purpurea stimulate alveolar macrophage function in normal rats. Int Immunopharmacol.;2(2-3):381-7.
18. Gorfer, L.M., Grigoletto, V., Pramsohler, M., Robatscher, P. and Oberhuber, M. - 2023- Mass-spectrometric determination of two phyllobilins in leaves of three medicinal plants and their application forms. Acta Hortic. 1358, 195-202
19. Hostettmann K. – 2003 - History of a plant: the example of Echinacea, Forsch Komplementarmed Klass Naturheilkd.;10 Suppl 1:9-12.
20. Kahlos K, Kangas L, Hiltunen R. – 1989 – Ergosterol peroxide, an active compound from Inonotus radiatus Planta Med.;55(4):389-90.
21. Karg C. A., Wang P., Vollmar A. M., Moser S. -2019- Re-opening the stage for Echinacea research - Characterization of phylloxanthobilins as a novel anti-oxidative compound class in Echinacea purpurea. Phytomedicine, 60:152969
22. Karg C.A. Wang P., Kluibenschedl F., Müller A.P.D.T., Allmendinger L., Vollmar A.M. Moser S. - 2020 - Phylloxanthobilins are Abundant Linear Tetrapyrroles from Chlorophyll Breakdown with Activities Against Cancer Cells. Eur. J. Org. Chem. , 4499–4509
23. Kaya, M.; Merdivan, M.; Tashakkori, P.; Erdem, P.; Anderson, J.L. Analysis of Echinacea flower volatile constituents by HS-SPMEGC/MS using laboratory-prepared and commercial SPME fibers. J. Essent. Oil Res. 2018, 31, 91–98.
24. Kligler B. – 2003 – Echinacea, Am Fam Physician.;67(1):77-80
25. Lorke D. -1983- A new approach to practical acute toxicity, Arch. Toxicol 54(4), 275-287
26. Lowenthal J.W., Lambrecht B., van den Berg T.P., Andrew M.E., Strom A.D., Bean A.G. – 2000 - Avian cytokines - the natural approach to therapeutics. Dev Comp Immunol.;24(2-3):355-65
27. Lowenthal J.W., MacDonald H.R. – 1986 - Binding and internalization of interleukin 1 by T cells. Direct evidence for high- and low-affinity classes of interleukin 1 receptor , J Exp Med.;164(4):1060-74.
28. Lowenthal J.W., O'Neil T.E., Broadway M., Strom A.D., Digby M.R., Andrew M. York J.J. – 1998 - Coadministration of IFN-gamma enhances antibody responses in chickens. J Interferon Cytokine Res.;18(8):617-22.
29. Lowenthal J.W., O'Neil T.E., David A., Strom G., Andrew M.E. – 1999 - Cytokine therapy: a natural alternative for disease control, Vet. Immunol Immunopathol. ;72(1-2):183-8
30. McGregor, R.L. (1968) The Taxonomy of the Genus Echinacea (Compositae). University of Kansas.
31. Moench C. -1794 - Echinacea Moench, Methodus (Moench) 591.
32. Nyalambisa, M., Oyemitan, I., Matewu, R. , Oyedeji, O., Oluwafemi, O., Songca, S. Nkeh-Chungag, B., Oyedeji, A. -2016- Volatile constituents and biological activities of the leaf and root of Echinacea species from South Africa. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal. 25. 10.1016/j.jsps.2016.09.010.
33. O'Neill W., McKee S., Clarke A.F.-2002-Immunological and haematinic consequences of feeding a standardised Echinacea (Echinacea angustifolia) extract to healthy horses. Equine Vet J.;34(3):222-7.
34. Percival, S.S. - 2000 - Use of Echinacea in medicine, Biochem Pharmacol., 60:2 155-8.
35. Raduner S., Majewska A., Chen J.-Z., X-Q., Hamon J., Faller B., Altmann K.H., Gertsch J. -2006- Alkylamides from Echinacea Area New Class of Cannabinomimetics, The Journal Of Biological Chemistry, 281(20):14192–14206
36. Raso GM, Pacilio M, Di Carlo G, Esposito E, Pinto L, Meli R. -2002 -In-vivo and in-vitro anti-inflammatory effect of Echinacea purpurea and Hypericum perforatum. J Pharm Pharmacol.;54(10):1379-83.
37. Rehman J., Dillow J.M., Carter S.M., Chou J., Le B., Maisel A.S. – 1999 - Increased production of antigen-specific immunoglobulins G and M following in vivo treatment with the medicinal plants Echinacea angustifolia and Hydrastis canadensis. Immunol Lett.;68(2-3):391-5.
38. Schimmer O., Leimeister U., The SCE-inducing potency of the furoquinoline alkaloid, γ-fagarine, and a γ-fagarine-containing tincture from Rutae Herba, in cultured human lymphocytes, Mutagenesis, Volume 4, Issue 6, November 1989, Pages 467–470,
39. Schranner I., Losch V. – 1986 – Immunological identification of avian monomeric and polymeric immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin A after fractionation on sodium dodecylsulfate pore gradient polyacrylamide gels, Poultry Sci., 65(2):360-8
40. Schranner, I., Wurdinger, M., Klumpp, N., Loch, U., Okpanzi, S.N. – 1989 – Beeinflussung der aviaren humoralen Immunreaction durch Influex und Echinacea angustifolia Extrakt, Zentralblt. Veterinar. Med. – B, 36(5), 353-364.
41. Schumacher A., Friedberg KD.- 1991 - The effect of Echinacea angustifolia on non-specific cellular immunity in the mouse, Arzneimittelforschung.;41(2):141-7.
42. Sloley B.D., Urichuk L.J., Tywin C., Coutts R.T., Pang P.K., Shan J.J. – 2001 -Comparison of chemical components and antioxidants capacity of different Echinacea species. J Pharm Pharmacol.;53(6):849-57.
43. South EH, Exon JH. - 2001 - Multiple immune functions in rats fed Echinacea extracts. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol.;23(3):411-21.
44. Sun J.H., Yan Y.X., Jiang J., Lu P. - 2005 - DNA immunization against very virulent infectious bursal disease virus with VP2-4-3 gene and chicken IL-6 gene. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health.;52(1):1-7.
45. Sun L.Z., Currier N.L., Miller S.C.-1999 - The American coneflower: a prophylactic role involving nonspecific immunity. J Altern Complement Med.;5(5):437-46.
46. Tragni E., Galli C.L., Tubaro A., Del Negro P., Della Loggia R.-1988- Anti-inflammatory activity of Echinacea angustifolia fractions separated on the basis of molecular weight., Pharmacol Res Commun.;20 Suppl 5:87-90.
47. Tragni E., Tubaro A., Melis S., Galli C.L.- 1985 - Evidence from two classic irritation tests for an anti-inflammatory action of a natural extract, Echinacina B. Food Chem Toxicol.; 23(2):317-9.
48. Tubaro A., Tragni E., Del Negro P., Galli C.L., Della Loggia R. – 1988 - Anti-inflammatory activity of a polysaccharidic fraction of Echinacea angustifolia. Pharmacol Res Commun;20 Suppl 5:87-90
49. Văgîi, F., Ionescu, E., Cojocaru, C. – 1996 – Cercetări în vederea obţinerii fitocomplexului VOIMUN util în deficienţe imunitare, The First Symposium “Drug research between information and life sciences”, Bucharest, 3-4 October, 137.
50. Vollmar, A., Moser, S. -2023- The advent of phyllobilins as bioactive phytochemicals – natural compounds derived from chlorophyll in medicinal plants and food with immunomodulatory activities. Pteridines, 34(1), 20220047
51. Wacker, A., Hilbig, W. -1978- Virushemmung mit Echinacea purpurea [Virus-inhibition by Echinacea purpurea (author's transl)]. Planta medica, 33(1), 89–102.
52. Wagner H., Jurcic K. -2002 - Immunological studies of Revitonil, a phytopharmaceutical containing Echinacea purpurea and Glycyrrhiza glabra root extract. Phytomedicine.;9 (5):390-7.
53. Wagner H., Proksch A., Riess-Maurer I., Vollmar A., Odenthal S., Stuppner H., Jurcic K., Le Turdu M., Fang J.N. – 1985 - Immunostimulating action of polysaccharides (heteroglycans) from higher plants, Arzneimittelforschung.;35(7):1069-75.
54. Wagner H., Proksch A., Riess-Maurer I., Vollmar A., Odenthal S., Stuppner H., Jurcic K., Le Turdu M., Heur Y.H.- 1984 - Immunostimulant action of polysaccharides (heteroglycans) from higher plants. Preliminary communication Arzneimittelforschung.;34(6):659-61
55. Wagner, H. - 1991 - Echinaceea Species as Potential Immunostimulatory Drugs, Economic and medicinal Plant Res., vol.5, Academic Press, London.
56. WFO (2023) Echinacea simulata McGregor. Published on the Internet; http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000042098 Accessed on: 30 Jun 2023
57. http://www.ipni.org, https://powo.science.kew.org/- 2023- The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 51 - 65, 02.07.2023

Aurel Vasiu Carmen Sandru Emeline Chanove Diana Olah Emoke Pall Ghoerghita Duca Marina Spinu

https://doi.org/10.38093/cupmap.1317531

Abstract

References

References 1. Alban S, Classen B, Brunner G, Blaschek W. -2002 - Differentiation between the complement modulating effects of an arabinogalactan-protein from Echinacea purpurea and heparin. Planta Med.;68(12):1118-24.
2. Balciunaite, G.; Haimi, P.-J.; Mikniene, Z.; Savickas, G.; Ragazinskiene, O.; Juodziukyniene, N.; Baniulis, D.; Pangonyte, D. Identification of Echinacea Purpurea (L.) Moench Root LysM Lectin with Nephrotoxic Properties. Toxins 2020, 12, 88.
3. Barrett B. -2003- Medicinal properties of Echinacea: a critical review. Phytomedicine. Jan;10(1):66-86.
4. Bauer R. – 2002 - New knowledge regarding the effect and effectiveness of Echinacea purpurea extracts]Wien Med Wochenschr.;152(15-16):407-11.
5. Bauer R. -1996-Echinacea drugs effects and active ingredients, Z Arztl Fortbild (Jena); 90(2):111-5.
6. Bauer R., Hoheisel O., Stuhlfauth I., Wolf H. - 1999 - Extract of the Echinacea purpurea herb: an allopathic phytoimmunostimulant, Wien Med Wochenschr.; 149 (8-10): 185-9.
7. Bauer R., Jurcic K., Puhlmann J., Wagner H.- 1988 - Immunologic in vivo and in vitro studies on Echinacea extracts Arzneimittelforschung. Feb;38(2):276-81.
8. Bauer R., Wagner H. – 1990 – Echinaceea – Handbuch fur Arzte, Apotheker und andere Naturwissenschaftler, Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart.
9. Belaeva T.N., Butenkova, A.N. - 2018 - Comparative analysis of the leaf anatomy of Echinacea purpurea and E. pallida. Biosyst. Divers. 26, 77–84
10. Block K.I., Mead MN. – 2003 - Immune system effects of Echinacea, ginseng, and astragalus: a review. Integr Cancer Ther.;2(3):247-67
11. Bodinet, C., Freudenstein, J. - 1999 - Effects of an orally applied aqueous-ethanolic extract of a mixture of Thujae occidentalis herba, Baptisiae tinctoriae radix, Echinaceae purpureae radix and Echinaceae pallidae radix on antibody response against sheep red blood cells in mice, Planta Med., Dec 65:8 695-9.
12. Burlou-Nagy C., Bănică F., Jurca T., Vicaș L.G., Marian E., Muresan M.E., Bácskay I., Kiss R., Fehér P., Pallag A. – 2022- Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench: Biological and Pharmacological Properties. A Review. Plants (Basel). 11(9):1244.
13. Cohen, A., Lee, J. W., Dosch, H. M., Gelfand, E. W. -1980- The expression of deoxyguanosine toxicity in T lymphocytes at different stages of maturation. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 125(4), 1578–1582.
14. Echinacea purpurea Aerial Parts, Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench- Standards of Analysis, Quality Control, and Therapeutics - 2007- American Herbal Pharmacopoeia and Therapeutic Compendium Ed. Roy Upton
15. El-Gengaihi S.E., Shalaby A.S., Agina E.A., Hendawy S.F. -1998 - Alkylamides of Echinacea sp. purpurea L. as influenced by plant ontogony and fertilization. J Herb Spices Med Plant 5: 35–41
16. Giles JT, Palat CT 3rd, Chien SH, Chang ZG, Kennedy DT. – 2000 - Evaluation of echinacea for treatment of the common cold. Pharmacotherapy.;20(6):690-7.
17. Goel V., Chang C., Slama J.V., Barton R., Bauer R., Gahler R., Basu T.K.-2002 - Alkylamides of Echinacea purpurea stimulate alveolar macrophage function in normal rats. Int Immunopharmacol.;2(2-3):381-7.
18. Gorfer, L.M., Grigoletto, V., Pramsohler, M., Robatscher, P. and Oberhuber, M. - 2023- Mass-spectrometric determination of two phyllobilins in leaves of three medicinal plants and their application forms. Acta Hortic. 1358, 195-202
19. Hostettmann K. – 2003 - History of a plant: the example of Echinacea, Forsch Komplementarmed Klass Naturheilkd.;10 Suppl 1:9-12.
20. Kahlos K, Kangas L, Hiltunen R. – 1989 – Ergosterol peroxide, an active compound from Inonotus radiatus Planta Med.;55(4):389-90.
21. Karg C. A., Wang P., Vollmar A. M., Moser S. -2019- Re-opening the stage for Echinacea research - Characterization of phylloxanthobilins as a novel anti-oxidative compound class in Echinacea purpurea. Phytomedicine, 60:152969
22. Karg C.A. Wang P., Kluibenschedl F., Müller A.P.D.T., Allmendinger L., Vollmar A.M. Moser S. - 2020 - Phylloxanthobilins are Abundant Linear Tetrapyrroles from Chlorophyll Breakdown with Activities Against Cancer Cells. Eur. J. Org. Chem. , 4499–4509
23. Kaya, M.; Merdivan, M.; Tashakkori, P.; Erdem, P.; Anderson, J.L. Analysis of Echinacea flower volatile constituents by HS-SPMEGC/MS using laboratory-prepared and commercial SPME fibers. J. Essent. Oil Res. 2018, 31, 91–98.
24. Kligler B. – 2003 – Echinacea, Am Fam Physician.;67(1):77-80
25. Lorke D. -1983- A new approach to practical acute toxicity, Arch. Toxicol 54(4), 275-287
26. Lowenthal J.W., Lambrecht B., van den Berg T.P., Andrew M.E., Strom A.D., Bean A.G. – 2000 - Avian cytokines - the natural approach to therapeutics. Dev Comp Immunol.;24(2-3):355-65
27. Lowenthal J.W., MacDonald H.R. – 1986 - Binding and internalization of interleukin 1 by T cells. Direct evidence for high- and low-affinity classes of interleukin 1 receptor , J Exp Med.;164(4):1060-74.
28. Lowenthal J.W., O'Neil T.E., Broadway M., Strom A.D., Digby M.R., Andrew M. York J.J. – 1998 - Coadministration of IFN-gamma enhances antibody responses in chickens. J Interferon Cytokine Res.;18(8):617-22.
29. Lowenthal J.W., O'Neil T.E., David A., Strom G., Andrew M.E. – 1999 - Cytokine therapy: a natural alternative for disease control, Vet. Immunol Immunopathol. ;72(1-2):183-8
30. McGregor, R.L. (1968) The Taxonomy of the Genus Echinacea (Compositae). University of Kansas.
31. Moench C. -1794 - Echinacea Moench, Methodus (Moench) 591.
32. Nyalambisa, M., Oyemitan, I., Matewu, R. , Oyedeji, O., Oluwafemi, O., Songca, S. Nkeh-Chungag, B., Oyedeji, A. -2016- Volatile constituents and biological activities of the leaf and root of Echinacea species from South Africa. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal. 25. 10.1016/j.jsps.2016.09.010.
33. O'Neill W., McKee S., Clarke A.F.-2002-Immunological and haematinic consequences of feeding a standardised Echinacea (Echinacea angustifolia) extract to healthy horses. Equine Vet J.;34(3):222-7.
34. Percival, S.S. - 2000 - Use of Echinacea in medicine, Biochem Pharmacol., 60:2 155-8.
35. Raduner S., Majewska A., Chen J.-Z., X-Q., Hamon J., Faller B., Altmann K.H., Gertsch J. -2006- Alkylamides from Echinacea Area New Class of Cannabinomimetics, The Journal Of Biological Chemistry, 281(20):14192–14206
36. Raso GM, Pacilio M, Di Carlo G, Esposito E, Pinto L, Meli R. -2002 -In-vivo and in-vitro anti-inflammatory effect of Echinacea purpurea and Hypericum perforatum. J Pharm Pharmacol.;54(10):1379-83.
37. Rehman J., Dillow J.M., Carter S.M., Chou J., Le B., Maisel A.S. – 1999 - Increased production of antigen-specific immunoglobulins G and M following in vivo treatment with the medicinal plants Echinacea angustifolia and Hydrastis canadensis. Immunol Lett.;68(2-3):391-5.
38. Schimmer O., Leimeister U., The SCE-inducing potency of the furoquinoline alkaloid, γ-fagarine, and a γ-fagarine-containing tincture from Rutae Herba, in cultured human lymphocytes, Mutagenesis, Volume 4, Issue 6, November 1989, Pages 467–470,
39. Schranner I., Losch V. – 1986 – Immunological identification of avian monomeric and polymeric immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin A after fractionation on sodium dodecylsulfate pore gradient polyacrylamide gels, Poultry Sci., 65(2):360-8
40. Schranner, I., Wurdinger, M., Klumpp, N., Loch, U., Okpanzi, S.N. – 1989 – Beeinflussung der aviaren humoralen Immunreaction durch Influex und Echinacea angustifolia Extrakt, Zentralblt. Veterinar. Med. – B, 36(5), 353-364.
41. Schumacher A., Friedberg KD.- 1991 - The effect of Echinacea angustifolia on non-specific cellular immunity in the mouse, Arzneimittelforschung.;41(2):141-7.
42. Sloley B.D., Urichuk L.J., Tywin C., Coutts R.T., Pang P.K., Shan J.J. – 2001 -Comparison of chemical components and antioxidants capacity of different Echinacea species. J Pharm Pharmacol.;53(6):849-57.
43. South EH, Exon JH. - 2001 - Multiple immune functions in rats fed Echinacea extracts. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol.;23(3):411-21.
44. Sun J.H., Yan Y.X., Jiang J., Lu P. - 2005 - DNA immunization against very virulent infectious bursal disease virus with VP2-4-3 gene and chicken IL-6 gene. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health.;52(1):1-7.
45. Sun L.Z., Currier N.L., Miller S.C.-1999 - The American coneflower: a prophylactic role involving nonspecific immunity. J Altern Complement Med.;5(5):437-46.
46. Tragni E., Galli C.L., Tubaro A., Del Negro P., Della Loggia R.-1988- Anti-inflammatory activity of Echinacea angustifolia fractions separated on the basis of molecular weight., Pharmacol Res Commun.;20 Suppl 5:87-90.
47. Tragni E., Tubaro A., Melis S., Galli C.L.- 1985 - Evidence from two classic irritation tests for an anti-inflammatory action of a natural extract, Echinacina B. Food Chem Toxicol.; 23(2):317-9.
48. Tubaro A., Tragni E., Del Negro P., Galli C.L., Della Loggia R. – 1988 - Anti-inflammatory activity of a polysaccharidic fraction of Echinacea angustifolia. Pharmacol Res Commun;20 Suppl 5:87-90
49. Văgîi, F., Ionescu, E., Cojocaru, C. – 1996 – Cercetări în vederea obţinerii fitocomplexului VOIMUN util în deficienţe imunitare, The First Symposium “Drug research between information and life sciences”, Bucharest, 3-4 October, 137.
50. Vollmar, A., Moser, S. -2023- The advent of phyllobilins as bioactive phytochemicals – natural compounds derived from chlorophyll in medicinal plants and food with immunomodulatory activities. Pteridines, 34(1), 20220047
51. Wacker, A., Hilbig, W. -1978- Virushemmung mit Echinacea purpurea [Virus-inhibition by Echinacea purpurea (author's transl)]. Planta medica, 33(1), 89–102.
52. Wagner H., Jurcic K. -2002 - Immunological studies of Revitonil, a phytopharmaceutical containing Echinacea purpurea and Glycyrrhiza glabra root extract. Phytomedicine.;9 (5):390-7.
53. Wagner H., Proksch A., Riess-Maurer I., Vollmar A., Odenthal S., Stuppner H., Jurcic K., Le Turdu M., Fang J.N. – 1985 - Immunostimulating action of polysaccharides (heteroglycans) from higher plants, Arzneimittelforschung.;35(7):1069-75.
54. Wagner H., Proksch A., Riess-Maurer I., Vollmar A., Odenthal S., Stuppner H., Jurcic K., Le Turdu M., Heur Y.H.- 1984 - Immunostimulant action of polysaccharides (heteroglycans) from higher plants. Preliminary communication Arzneimittelforschung.;34(6):659-61
55. Wagner, H. - 1991 - Echinaceea Species as Potential Immunostimulatory Drugs, Economic and medicinal Plant Res., vol.5, Academic Press, London.
56. WFO (2023) Echinacea simulata McGregor. Published on the Internet; http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000042098 Accessed on: 30 Jun 2023
57. http://www.ipni.org, https://powo.science.kew.org/- 2023- The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants

There are 57 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language	English
Subjects	Industrial Crops
Journal Section	Review Articles
Authors	Aurel Vasiu 0000-0002-3160-8401 Carmen Sandru 0000-0001-8615-1202 Emeline Chanove 0000-0003-4621-498X Diana Olah 0000-0002-1943-3119 Emoke Pall 0000-0002-7919-7381 Ghoerghita Duca 0000-0003-0255-0009 Marina Spinu 0000-0003-0005-9638
Early Pub Date	July 2, 2023
Publication Date	July 2, 2023
Published in Issue	Year 2023 Volume: 6 Issue: 1

Cite

APA	Vasiu, A., Sandru, C., Chanove, E., Olah, D., et al. (2023). ECHINACEA GENUS: AN ENDLESS NATURAL THERAPEUTIC RESOURCE? AN OVERVIEW. Current Perspectives on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 6(1), 51-65. https://doi.org/10.38093/cupmap.1317531

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