Investigating the Effect of Nozzle Diameter on Tensile Strength in 3D-Printed Printed Polylactic Acid Parts
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a rapidly evolving manufacturing technology that enables the production of intricate, customizable parts with a wide range of applications. The quality and mechanical properties of printed parts are heavily influenced by the process parameters, such as nozzle size. This study presents a comprehensive investigation of the effect of nozzle diameter on the tensile strength of 3D-printed polylactic acid (PLA) parts, focusing on six nozzle sizes: 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, and 0.8 mm. PLA, a commonly used thermoplastic in 3D printing, was employed as the material of choice. Using an open-source Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) 3D printer, dog bone-shaped specimens were printed according to the ASTM D638-Type IV standard for tensile testing. The results reveal a strong correlation between nozzle size and tensile strength, with smaller nozzles producing parts with higher tensile strength due to finer layers and improved interlayer adhesion. However, the trade-off between tensile strength and printing time associated with smaller nozzle sizes must be considered when optimizing the 3D printing process for specific applications. This study provides essential insights into the influence of nozzle diameter on tensile strength, offering valuable guidance for achieving desired mechanical properties in 3D-printed parts.
Keywords
3D printing Fused filament fabrication Nozzle diameter Tensile strength Polylactic acid Additive manufacturing
Supporting Institution
Kastamonu Üniversitesi
Project Number
KÜBAP-01/2022-38
Thanks
We would like to thank Kastamonu University Scientific Research Coordinatorship for supporting this study with project number KÜBAP-01/2022-38.
References
- Akhoundi B, Behravesh AH. 2019. Effect of filling pattern on the tensile and flexural mechanical properties of FDM 3D printed products. Exp Mechanics, 59: 883-897.
- Anand Kumar S, Shivraj Narayan Y. 2019. Tensile testing and evaluation of 3D-printed PLA specimens as per ASTM D638 Type IV standard. In Innovative Design, Analysis and Development Practices in Aerospace and Automotive Engineering (I-DAD 2018) Volume 2. Springer, Singapore, pp: 79-95.
- Chandrasekhar U, Yang LJ, Gowthaman S. 2019. Innovative Design, Analysis and Development Practices in Aerospace and Automotive Engineering (I-DAD 2018): Volume 2. Springer, Singapore. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-2718-6.
- Das A, Awasthi P, Jain V, Banerjee SS. 2023. 3D printing of maxillofacial prosthesis materials: Challenges and opportunities. Bioprinting, 32: e00282.
- Dudescu C, Racz L. 2017. Effects of raster orientation, infill rate and infill pattern on the mechanical properties of 3D printed materials. Acta Univ Cibiniensis, 69(1): 23-30.
- Embia G, Moharana BR, Mohamed A, Muduli K, Muhammad NB. 2023. 3D Printing pathways for sustainable manufacturing. In: Nayyar, A., Naved, M., Rameshwar, R. (eds) New Horizons for Industry 4.0 in Modern Business. Contributions to Environmental Sciences & Innovative Business Technology. Springer, Berlin, Germany, pp: 253-272. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-20443-2_12.
- Farashi S, Vafaee F. 2022. Effect of printing parameters on the tensile strength of FDM 3D samples: a meta-analysis focusing on layer thickness and sample orientation. Progress Addit Manufact, 7: 565–582.
- Hamat S, Ishak MR, Sapuan SM, Yidris N, Hussin MS, Abd Manan MS. 2023. Influence of filament fabrication parameter on tensile strength and filament size of 3D printing PLA-3D850. Mater Today, 74: 457-461.
- Hikmat M, Rostam S, Ahmed YM. 2021. Investigation of tensile property-based Taguchi method of PLA parts fabricated by FDM 3D printing technology. Results Eng, 11: 100264.
- Hsueh MH, Lai CJ, Chung CF, Wang SH, Huang WC, Pan CY, Hsieh CH. 2021. Effect of printing parameters on the tensile properties of 3d-printed polylactic acid (Pla) based on fused deposition modeling. Polymers, 13(14): 2387.
- Maurya NK, Rastogi V, Singh P. 2019. Experimental and computational investigation on mechanical properties of reinforced additive manufactured component. EVERGREEN Joint J Novel Carbon Resour Sci Green Asia Strat, 06(03): 207-214.
- Mazen A, McClanahan B, Weaver JM. 2022. Factors affecting ultimate tensile strength and impact toughness of 3D printed parts using fractional factorial design. Int J Advan Manufact Tech, 119: 2639-2651.
- Mulcahy N, O'Sullivan KJ, O'Sullivan A, O'Sullivan L. 2023. Preliminary assessment on the effects of line width, layer height and orientation on strength and print time for FDM printing of total contact casts for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. Annals 3D Print Medic, 11: 100115.
- Nazir A, Gokcekaya O, Billah KMM, Ertugrul O, Jiang J, Sun J, Hussain S. 2023. Multi-material additive manufacturing: A systematic review of design, properties, applications, challenges, and 3D printing of materials and cellular metamaterials. Mater Design, 226: 111661.
- Pandzic A, Hodzic D, Milovanovic A. 2019. Effect of infill type and density on tensile properties of PLA material for FDM process. 30th DAAAM International Symposium, October 23-26, 2019, Zadar, Croatia, pp: 545-554.
- Shaukat U, Rossegger E, Schlögl S. 2022. A review of multi-material 3D printing of functional materials via vat photopolymerization. Polymers, 14(12): 2449.
- Sheikh Z, Najeeb S, Khurshid Z, Verma V, Rashid H, Glogauer M. 2015. Biodegradable materials for bone repair and tissue engineering applications. Materials, 8(9): 5744-5794.
- Tezel T, Kovan V. 2022. Determination of optimum production parameters for 3D printers based on nozzle diameter. Rapid Prototyping J, 28(1): 185-194.
- Triyono J, Sukanto H, Saputra RM, Smaradhana DF. 2020. The effect of nozzle hole diameter of 3D printing on porosity and tensile strength parts using polylactic acid material. Open Eng, 10(1): 762-768.
- Wang S, Ma Y, Deng Z, Zhang S, Cai J. 2020. Effects of fused deposition modeling process parameters on tensile, dynamic mechanical properties of 3D printed polylactic acid materials. Polymer Testing, 86: 106483.
Investigating the Effect of Nozzle Diameter on Tensile Strength in 3D-Printed Printed Polylactic Acid Parts
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a rapidly evolving manufacturing technology that enables the production of intricate, customizable parts with a wide range of applications. The quality and mechanical properties of printed parts are heavily influenced by the process parameters, such as nozzle size. This study presents a comprehensive investigation of the effect of nozzle diameter on the tensile strength of 3D-printed polylactic acid (PLA) parts, focusing on six nozzle sizes: 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, and 0.8 mm. PLA, a commonly used thermoplastic in 3D printing, was employed as the material of choice. Using an open-source Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) 3D printer, dog bone-shaped specimens were printed according to the ASTM D638-Type IV standard for tensile testing. The results reveal a strong correlation between nozzle size and tensile strength, with smaller nozzles producing parts with higher tensile strength due to finer layers and improved interlayer adhesion. However, the trade-off between tensile strength and printing time associated with smaller nozzle sizes must be considered when optimizing the 3D printing process for specific applications. This study provides essential insights into the influence of nozzle diameter on tensile strength, offering valuable guidance for achieving desired mechanical properties in 3D-printed parts.
Keywords
3D printing Fused filament fabrication Nozzle diameter Tensile strength Polylactic acid Additive manufacturing
Project Number
KÜBAP-01/2022-38
References
- Akhoundi B, Behravesh AH. 2019. Effect of filling pattern on the tensile and flexural mechanical properties of FDM 3D printed products. Exp Mechanics, 59: 883-897.
- Anand Kumar S, Shivraj Narayan Y. 2019. Tensile testing and evaluation of 3D-printed PLA specimens as per ASTM D638 Type IV standard. In Innovative Design, Analysis and Development Practices in Aerospace and Automotive Engineering (I-DAD 2018) Volume 2. Springer, Singapore, pp: 79-95.
- Chandrasekhar U, Yang LJ, Gowthaman S. 2019. Innovative Design, Analysis and Development Practices in Aerospace and Automotive Engineering (I-DAD 2018): Volume 2. Springer, Singapore. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-2718-6.
- Das A, Awasthi P, Jain V, Banerjee SS. 2023. 3D printing of maxillofacial prosthesis materials: Challenges and opportunities. Bioprinting, 32: e00282.
- Dudescu C, Racz L. 2017. Effects of raster orientation, infill rate and infill pattern on the mechanical properties of 3D printed materials. Acta Univ Cibiniensis, 69(1): 23-30.
- Embia G, Moharana BR, Mohamed A, Muduli K, Muhammad NB. 2023. 3D Printing pathways for sustainable manufacturing. In: Nayyar, A., Naved, M., Rameshwar, R. (eds) New Horizons for Industry 4.0 in Modern Business. Contributions to Environmental Sciences & Innovative Business Technology. Springer, Berlin, Germany, pp: 253-272. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-20443-2_12.
- Farashi S, Vafaee F. 2022. Effect of printing parameters on the tensile strength of FDM 3D samples: a meta-analysis focusing on layer thickness and sample orientation. Progress Addit Manufact, 7: 565–582.
- Hamat S, Ishak MR, Sapuan SM, Yidris N, Hussin MS, Abd Manan MS. 2023. Influence of filament fabrication parameter on tensile strength and filament size of 3D printing PLA-3D850. Mater Today, 74: 457-461.
- Hikmat M, Rostam S, Ahmed YM. 2021. Investigation of tensile property-based Taguchi method of PLA parts fabricated by FDM 3D printing technology. Results Eng, 11: 100264.
- Hsueh MH, Lai CJ, Chung CF, Wang SH, Huang WC, Pan CY, Hsieh CH. 2021. Effect of printing parameters on the tensile properties of 3d-printed polylactic acid (Pla) based on fused deposition modeling. Polymers, 13(14): 2387.
- Maurya NK, Rastogi V, Singh P. 2019. Experimental and computational investigation on mechanical properties of reinforced additive manufactured component. EVERGREEN Joint J Novel Carbon Resour Sci Green Asia Strat, 06(03): 207-214.
- Mazen A, McClanahan B, Weaver JM. 2022. Factors affecting ultimate tensile strength and impact toughness of 3D printed parts using fractional factorial design. Int J Advan Manufact Tech, 119: 2639-2651.
- Mulcahy N, O'Sullivan KJ, O'Sullivan A, O'Sullivan L. 2023. Preliminary assessment on the effects of line width, layer height and orientation on strength and print time for FDM printing of total contact casts for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. Annals 3D Print Medic, 11: 100115.
- Nazir A, Gokcekaya O, Billah KMM, Ertugrul O, Jiang J, Sun J, Hussain S. 2023. Multi-material additive manufacturing: A systematic review of design, properties, applications, challenges, and 3D printing of materials and cellular metamaterials. Mater Design, 226: 111661.
- Pandzic A, Hodzic D, Milovanovic A. 2019. Effect of infill type and density on tensile properties of PLA material for FDM process. 30th DAAAM International Symposium, October 23-26, 2019, Zadar, Croatia, pp: 545-554.
- Shaukat U, Rossegger E, Schlögl S. 2022. A review of multi-material 3D printing of functional materials via vat photopolymerization. Polymers, 14(12): 2449.
- Sheikh Z, Najeeb S, Khurshid Z, Verma V, Rashid H, Glogauer M. 2015. Biodegradable materials for bone repair and tissue engineering applications. Materials, 8(9): 5744-5794.
- Tezel T, Kovan V. 2022. Determination of optimum production parameters for 3D printers based on nozzle diameter. Rapid Prototyping J, 28(1): 185-194.
- Triyono J, Sukanto H, Saputra RM, Smaradhana DF. 2020. The effect of nozzle hole diameter of 3D printing on porosity and tensile strength parts using polylactic acid material. Open Eng, 10(1): 762-768.
- Wang S, Ma Y, Deng Z, Zhang S, Cai J. 2020. Effects of fused deposition modeling process parameters on tensile, dynamic mechanical properties of 3D printed polylactic acid materials. Polymer Testing, 86: 106483.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Engineering |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Project Number | KÜBAP-01/2022-38 |
| Publication Date | July 1, 2023 |
| Submission Date | April 24, 2023 |
| Acceptance Date | May 31, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023 Volume: 6 Issue: 3 |
