Abstract
Çölleşme küresel ve bölgesel ölçekte en büyük
çevre sorunları arasında yer almaktadır.
Özellikle kurak ve yarı-kurak alanlarda iklim değişikliği ve insan etkisi
sonucu meydana gelen arazi bozulmaları ve bitki örtüsündeki azalmalar
çölleşmenin önemini artırmaktadır. Bu çalışma, Çankırı il merkezine yaklaşık 45
km uzaklıkta, Yapraklı İlçesine bağlı yarı-kurak özelliğe sahip Sarıkaya
bölgesinde bulunan doğal çam ormanlarında çölleşme riskinin belirlenmesi
amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Çölleşme riskinin hesaplanmasında Akdeniz ülkeleri için
geliştirilmiş olan Desertification Indicator System for Mediterranean Europe
(DIS4ME) sistemi kullanılmıştır. Çalışma alanı yaklaşık 500 ha olup alanda Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallasiana (Lamb) Holmboe var. pallasiana ve Pinus sylvestris L. türleri bulunmaktadır. Arazi gözlemleri
sonucunda, çalışma alanında rastgele seçilen 258 noktada toprak örneklemesi
yapılmış ve DIS4ME tarafından öngörülen çam ormanları için çölleşme etüt formu
doldurularak her bir noktaya ilişkin çölleşme risk değeri hesaplanmıştır.
Çalışma alanı için çölleşme risk değeri en düşük 0,36 ile “Risk Yok” en yüksek
3,63 ile “Orta Risk” olarak bulunmuştur. Çölleşme riski çalışma alanı
içerisinde %61, 91 varyasyon katsayısı ile yüksek değişkenlik göstermektedir.
Nitekim çalışma alanının 320,79 ha’lık (%64,72) kısmı risk yok, 160,36 ha’lık
(%32,56) kısmı düşük risk ve 13,45 ha’lık (%2,72) kısmı ise orta risk
sınıfındadır. Çölleşme riski ile modelde girdi olarak kullanılan çölleşme
göstergeleri arasında yapılan korelasyon analizi, toprak özelliklerinden
agregat stabilitesi, kum- toz içeriği, pH ve CaCO3 içeriği ile
vejetasyon özellikleri bakımından ise bitki örtüsünün önemli göstergeler
olduğunu ortaya koymuştur.
References
- Anonim, 2014. Çankırı Meteoroloji Bülteni. T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı Devlet Meteoroloji İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü Kayıtları, Ankara.
- Blake, G., Hartge, K., 1986. Bulk density. In, Methods of Soil Analysis: Part I. Editör: Klute, A. American Society of Agronomy Monograph 9, Madison, pp. 363-375.
- Brandt, C.J., Thornes, J.B., 1996. Mediterranean desertification and land use. Chichester: Wiley & Sons.
- Brandt, J., Geeson, N., 2015. Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe: Science, stakeholders and public dissemination of research results. Monitoring and Modelling Dynamic Environments, 121.
- Çalapkulu, F., Shadaydeh, M.W., 1967. Çankırı-G31-d2 ve Çankırı-G31-c1 ve Çankırı G31-c2 Paftaları Jeolojisi. İnceleme tarihi: 6.8.1967/27.11.1967 MTA. Ankara.
- Çepel, N., 1995. Orman Ekolojisi, İÜ Orman Fak. Yayınları, İÜY.
- Desertlinks, 2004. Desertification Indicator System for Mediterranean Europe. http://www.kcl.ac.uk/projects/desertlinks/indicator_system/index.htm.
- Dinel, H., Mehuys, G., Levesque, M., 1991. Influence of Humic and Fibric Materials on The Aggregation and Aggregate Stability of A Lacustrine Silty Clay. Soil Science 151, 146-158.
- Dregne, H., 1986. Desertification of arid lands. In, Physics of desertification. Springer, pp. 4-34.
- Dregne, H.E., 2002. Land degradation in the drylands. Arid land research and management 16, 99-132.
- Gee, G.W., Bauder, J.W., 1986. Particle-size analysis. Methods of soil analysis: Part 1—Physical and mineralogical methods, 383-411.
- Huang, S., Siegert, F., 2006. Land cover classification optimized to detect areas at risk of desertification in North China based on SPOT VEGETATION imagery. Journal of Arid Environments 67, 308-327.
- Kemper, W., Rosenau, R., 1986. Aggregate stability and size distribution. In ‘Methods of soil analysis, Part 1: Physical and mineralogical methods’.(Ed. A. Klute.) pp. 425–442. Soil Science Society of America: Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
- Kılınç, M., Kutbay, H., Yalçın, E., Bilgin, A., 2006. Bitki ekolojisi ve bitki sosyolojisi uygulamaları. Palme yayıncılık, Ankara.
- Kosmas, C., Ferrara, A., Briasouli, H., Imeson, A., 1999. Methodology for mapping environmentally sensitive areas (ESAs) to desertification. The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use. Manual on key indicators of desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification. Edited by: C. Kosmas, M. Kirkby, N. Geeson. European Union 18882, 31-47.
- Kosmas, C., Tsara, M., Moustakas, N., Kosma, D., Yassoglou, N., 2006. Environmentally sensitive areas and indicators of desertification. In, Desertification in the Mediterranean region. A security issue. Springer, pp. 525-547.
- Lal, R., 1990. Soil erosion and land degradation: the global risks. In, Advances in soil science. Springer, pp. 129-172.
- McLean, E., 1982. Soil pH and lime requirement. Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties, 199-224.
- Rasmy, M., Gad, A., Abdelsalam, H., Siwailam, M., 2010. A dynamic simulation model of desertification in Egypt. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science 13, 101-111.
- Rhoades, J., 1982. Soluble salts. Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties. 2nd Edition. 2, 167-178.
- Türkeş, M., 2012. Kuraklık, Çölleşme ve Birleşmiş Milletler Çölleşme ile Savaşım Sözleşmesi’nin Ayrıntılı Bir Çözümlemesi. Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi 20, 7-55.
- UNCCD, 1995. The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa. Text with Annexes, UNEP, Geneva.
- UNCCD, 2011. Desertification: A Visual Synthesis. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) Geneva: Zoi Environment Network.
- Yücetürk, G., 2010. Yapay Mermerde Kullanilan Kuvars Ve Kalsit Minerallerinin Fiziko-Meknik Özellikleri. SDU International Journal of Technological Science 2.
Abstract
Desertification
is among the biggest environmental problems on the global and regional scale.
Especially in arid and semi-arid areas, land degradation and diminishing plant
cover increase the importance of desertification, resulting in climate change
and human impact. This study was carried out in order to determine the risk of
desertification in natural pine forests in the Sarıkaya region with semi-arid
features attached to the Yapraklı District at a distance of 45 km from Çankırı
province center. Desertification Indicator System for Mediterranean Europe
(DIS4ME) developed for the Mediterranean countries was used to calculate the
desertification risk. The study area is about 500 ha and Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallasiana (Lamb) Holmboe var. pallasiana
ve Pinus sylvestris L. species are naturally in the area. As a result of the
field observations, soil sampling was made at 258 points randomly in the study
area and the desertification survey form for the pine forests foreseen by
DIS4ME was filled and the desertification risk value for each point was
calculated. The desertification risk for the study area was found to be
"No Risk" with a minimum of 0.36 and “Medium Risk” with a maximum of
3.63. Desertification risk is highly variable in the study area with a
variation coefficient of 61, 91%. As a matter of fact, 320,79 ha (64,72%) of
the study area has no risk, 160,36 ha (32,56%) low risk and 13,45 ha (2,72%)
medium risk class. Correlation analysis between the desertification risk value
and the desertification indicators used as inputs in the model revealed that
vegetation cover is important indicators in terms of vegetation properties and
aggregate stability, sand-silt content, pH and CaCO3 content on
account of soil properties.
References
- Anonim, 2014. Çankırı Meteoroloji Bülteni. T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı Devlet Meteoroloji İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü Kayıtları, Ankara.
- Blake, G., Hartge, K., 1986. Bulk density. In, Methods of Soil Analysis: Part I. Editör: Klute, A. American Society of Agronomy Monograph 9, Madison, pp. 363-375.
- Brandt, C.J., Thornes, J.B., 1996. Mediterranean desertification and land use. Chichester: Wiley & Sons.
- Brandt, J., Geeson, N., 2015. Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe: Science, stakeholders and public dissemination of research results. Monitoring and Modelling Dynamic Environments, 121.
- Çalapkulu, F., Shadaydeh, M.W., 1967. Çankırı-G31-d2 ve Çankırı-G31-c1 ve Çankırı G31-c2 Paftaları Jeolojisi. İnceleme tarihi: 6.8.1967/27.11.1967 MTA. Ankara.
- Çepel, N., 1995. Orman Ekolojisi, İÜ Orman Fak. Yayınları, İÜY.
- Desertlinks, 2004. Desertification Indicator System for Mediterranean Europe. http://www.kcl.ac.uk/projects/desertlinks/indicator_system/index.htm.
- Dinel, H., Mehuys, G., Levesque, M., 1991. Influence of Humic and Fibric Materials on The Aggregation and Aggregate Stability of A Lacustrine Silty Clay. Soil Science 151, 146-158.
- Dregne, H., 1986. Desertification of arid lands. In, Physics of desertification. Springer, pp. 4-34.
- Dregne, H.E., 2002. Land degradation in the drylands. Arid land research and management 16, 99-132.
- Gee, G.W., Bauder, J.W., 1986. Particle-size analysis. Methods of soil analysis: Part 1—Physical and mineralogical methods, 383-411.
- Huang, S., Siegert, F., 2006. Land cover classification optimized to detect areas at risk of desertification in North China based on SPOT VEGETATION imagery. Journal of Arid Environments 67, 308-327.
- Kemper, W., Rosenau, R., 1986. Aggregate stability and size distribution. In ‘Methods of soil analysis, Part 1: Physical and mineralogical methods’.(Ed. A. Klute.) pp. 425–442. Soil Science Society of America: Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
- Kılınç, M., Kutbay, H., Yalçın, E., Bilgin, A., 2006. Bitki ekolojisi ve bitki sosyolojisi uygulamaları. Palme yayıncılık, Ankara.
- Kosmas, C., Ferrara, A., Briasouli, H., Imeson, A., 1999. Methodology for mapping environmentally sensitive areas (ESAs) to desertification. The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use. Manual on key indicators of desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification. Edited by: C. Kosmas, M. Kirkby, N. Geeson. European Union 18882, 31-47.
- Kosmas, C., Tsara, M., Moustakas, N., Kosma, D., Yassoglou, N., 2006. Environmentally sensitive areas and indicators of desertification. In, Desertification in the Mediterranean region. A security issue. Springer, pp. 525-547.
- Lal, R., 1990. Soil erosion and land degradation: the global risks. In, Advances in soil science. Springer, pp. 129-172.
- McLean, E., 1982. Soil pH and lime requirement. Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties, 199-224.
- Rasmy, M., Gad, A., Abdelsalam, H., Siwailam, M., 2010. A dynamic simulation model of desertification in Egypt. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science 13, 101-111.
- Rhoades, J., 1982. Soluble salts. Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties. 2nd Edition. 2, 167-178.
- Türkeş, M., 2012. Kuraklık, Çölleşme ve Birleşmiş Milletler Çölleşme ile Savaşım Sözleşmesi’nin Ayrıntılı Bir Çözümlemesi. Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi 20, 7-55.
- UNCCD, 1995. The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa. Text with Annexes, UNEP, Geneva.
- UNCCD, 2011. Desertification: A Visual Synthesis. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) Geneva: Zoi Environment Network.
- Yücetürk, G., 2010. Yapay Mermerde Kullanilan Kuvars Ve Kalsit Minerallerinin Fiziko-Meknik Özellikleri. SDU International Journal of Technological Science 2.
Details
| Journal Section | Articles |
|---|---|
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | July 15, 2017 |
| Submission Date | May 8, 2017 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2017 Volume: 3 Issue: 1 |
