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Otolith Shape Analysis of Bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766) in the Black Sea Region (Samsun, Turkey)

Year 2019, Volume: 15 Issue: 4, 507 - 516, 16.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.22392/actaquatr.559899

Abstract

In this study, otolith
shape indices and relationships between otolith shape and otolith length of the
bluefish species
Pomatomus saltatrix
(Linnaeus, 1766), which was sampled from the Samsun offshore of the Blacksea
Region were investigated.
A total of
166 samples (94
and 72♂) were taken from commercial fishermen in two
different fishing seasons. Sagittal otoliths of each sample were removed and
six different shape index (form factor, roundness, circularity, rectengularity,
ellipticity and aspect ratio) were used in analyses.
The linear model is preferred for calculating the
relationships between otolith shape properties and otolith length. Paired t-test,
wilcoxon test, independent t test were used for statistical analysis. The
minimum and maximum total lengths and weights of the captured samples are
between 13.5-24.8 cm and 22.01-161.19 g, respectively. There is no difference between
female and male in terms of total length and weight.
When otolith dimensions of female and male were
compared, there were no differences in terms of Otolith Length, Otolith Breadth,
Otolith Perimeter and Otolith Area (P˃0.05). However, according to left and
right otoliths comparisons, there were differences in terms of OB and OP
(P˂0.05). Ellipticity was found to have a much stronger relationship with
otolith length than the other five parameters (r
2˃0.590).

References

  • Afanasyeva, P. K., Orlova, A. M., & Yu Rolskye, A. (2017). Otolith shape analysis as a tool for species identification and studying the population structure of different fish species. Fisheries Research, 176, 39–47.
  • Avigliano, E., Domanico, A., Sánchez, S., & Velpado, A.V. (2017). Otolith elemental fingerprint and scale and otolith morphometry in Prochilodus lineatus provide identification of natal nurseries. Fisheries Research, 186, 1-10.
  • Bal, H., Türker, D., & Zengin, K. (2018). Morphological characteristics of otolith for four fish species in the Edremit Gulf, Aegean Sea, Turkey. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 5(4), 303-311.
  • Bat, L., Sahin, F., Sezgin, M., Gonener, S., Erdem, E., & Ozsandikci U. (2018). Fishery of Sinop Coasts in the Black Sea Surveys. Eur J Biol,. 77(1), 18-25.Begg, G. A., & Brown, R. W. (2000). Stock identification of Haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus on Georges Bank based on otolith shape analysis. Transactions of American Fisheries Society, 129, 335–345.
  • Bostancı, D., & Yedier, S. (2018). Discrimination of invasive fish Atherina boyeri (Pisces: Atherinidae) populations by evaluating the performance of otolith morphometrics in several lentic habitats. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 27(6), 4493-4501.
  • Bostancı, D., Polat N., Kurucu, G., Yedier S., Kontaş, S., & Darcın, M. (2015). Using otolith shape and morphometry to identify four Alburnus species (A. chalcoides, A. escherichii, A. mossulensis and A. tarichi) in Turkish inland waters. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 31(6), 1013-1022.
  • Briggs, J.C. (1960). Fishes of world-wide (circumtropical) distribution. Copeia, 3, 171-180.
  • Buckel, J.A., Sharack, B.L., & Zdanowicz, V.S. (2004), Effect of diet on otolith composition in Pomatomus saltatrix, an estuarine piscivore. Journal of Fish Biology, 64, 1469-1484.
  • Cadrin, S.X., Friedland, K.D., & Waldman, J.R. (Eds.) (2005). Stock Identification Methods. Elsevier Academic Press.
  • Campana, S.E. (1999) Chemistry and composition of fish otoliths: pathways, mechanisms and applications. Mar. Ecol Prog Ser., 188, 263–297.
  • Campana, S.E., & Thorrold, S.R. (2001). Otoliths, increments, and elements: keys to a comprehensive understanding of fish populations? Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 58, 30 –38.
  • Campana, S. E., & Casselman, J. M. (1993). Stock discrimination using otolith shape analysis. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50, 1062–1083.
  • Cengiz, O., Ozekinci, U., & Oztekin, A. (2012). The relationships between total length-otolith length of bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix, (Linnaeus, 1766) from Gallipoli Peninsula and Dardanelles (North-eastern Mediterranean, Turkey). Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 2, 31-34.
  • Cengiz, O., Ozekinci, U., Oztekin, A., & Kumova, C. (2013). Growth parameters and mortality of bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix Linnaeus, 1766) from Gallipoli peninsula and Dardanelles (northeastern Mediterranean, Turkey). Mar. Sci. Tech. Bull, 2(1), 1-7.
  • Ceyhan, T., & Akyol, O. (2006). Age distribution and relationship between fork length and otolith length of bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix L., 1766) in the Sea of Marmara (in Turkish). E.U. Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences, 23(1-3), 369-372.
  • Ceyhan, T., Akyol, O., Ayaz, A., &Juanes, F. (2007). Age, growth, and reproductive season of bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) in the Marmara region, Turkey. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64, 531-536.
  • Cumplido, R., Netto, E.B.F., Rodrigues, M.T., de Melo Junior, U.G., & da Costa, P.A.S. (2018). A Review and the Length-Weight Relationship of Bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766), Pisces: Pomatomidae, at the Marine Extractive Reserve (RESEX-Mar) of Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Open Access Library Journal, 5, e4770.
  • Doustdar, M., Kaymaram, F., Seifali, M., Jamili, & S., Bani, A. (2019). Stock identification of Arabian yellow fin sea bream (Acanthopagrus arabicus) using shape of otolith in the Northern Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 18(1), 60-70.
  • Ferguson, G. J.; Ward, T. M. & Gillanders, B. M. (2011). Otolith shape and elemental composition: complementary tools for stock discrimination of mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus) in southern Australia. Fisheries Research, 110 (1): 75-83.
  • Gordina, A.D., & Klimova, T.N. (1996). On bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix L.) in the Black Sea. Marine and Freshwater Research, 47, 315-318.
  • Graves, J.E., McDowell, J.R., Beardsley, A.M., & Scoles, D.R. (1992). Stock Structure of the Bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix along the Mid-Atlantic Coast. Fishery Bulletin, 90, 703-710.
  • Hilborn, R., & Walters, C.J. (1992). Quantitative Fisheries Stock Assessment: Choice, Dynamics and Uncertainty. Chapman & Hall, New York, 570 pp.
  • Hüssy, C., Mosegaard, H., Albertsen, C. M., Nielsen, E. E., Hemmer-Hansen, J., & Eero, M. (2016). Evaluation of otolith shape as a tool for stock discrimination in marine fishes using Baltic Sea cod as a case study. Fisheries Research, 174, 210–218.
  • Juanes, F., Hare, J.A., & Miskiewicz, A.G. (1996). Comparing early life history strategies of Pomatomus saltatrix: a global approach. Marine and Freshwater Research, 47, 365-379.
  • L'abee-lund, J. H. (1988). Otolith shape discriminates between juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and brown trout, Salmo trutta L. J. Fish Biol., 33: 899-903
  • Lecomte-Finiger, R. (1992). The crystalline ultrastructure of otolith of the eel (A. anguilla L. 1758). Journal of Fish Biology, 40, 181–190.
  • Lucena, F.M., Vaske Jr., T., Ellis, J.R. & O’Brien, C.M. (2000). Seasonal variation in the diets of bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix (Pomatomidae) and striped weakfish, Cynoscion guatucupa (Sciaenidae) in Southern Brazil: ımplications of food partitioning. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 57, 423-434.
  • Miyan, K., Khan, M.A., Patel, D.K., Khan. S., & Ashari, N.G. (2016). Truss morphometry and otolith microchemistry reveal stock discrimination in Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758) inhabiting the Gangetic river system. Fisheries Research, 173, 294–302.
  • Moreira, C., Froufea, E., Vaz-Piresa, P., & Correia, A.T. (2019). Otolith shape analysis as a tool to infer the population structure of the blue jack mackerel, Trachurus picturatus, in the NE Atlantic. Fisheries Research, 209, 40–48.
  • Murta, A.G. (2000). Morphological variation of horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) in the Iberian and North African Atlantic: Implications for stock identification. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57, 1240-1248.
  • Nevesa, A., Vieira, A.R., Sequeira, V., Paiva, R.B., Janeiro, A.I., Gaspar, L.M., & Gordo, L.S. (2019). Otolith shape and isotopic ratio analyses as a tool to study Spondyliosoma cantharus population structure. Marine Environmental Research, 143, 93–100.
  • Nielsen, J. R., Methven, D. A., & Kristensen, K. (2010). A statistical discrimination method using sagittal otolith dimensions between sibling species of juvenile cod Gadus morhua and Gadus ogac from the Northwest Atlantic. J. Northw. Atl. Fish. Sci., 43, 27–45.
  • Nolf, D. (1995). Studies on fossil otoliths-the state of the art. In: D.H. Secor, J.M. Dean, and S.E. Campana (eds.), Recent Developments in Fish Otolith Research, 513–544. University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, South Carolina.
  • Nolf, D. (2013). The diversity of fish otoliths, past and present. Brussels: Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences. 222 p.
  • Olla, B.L., & Studholme, A. L. (1972): Daily and seasonal rhythms of activity in the bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix. pp. 303-326. In: Winn, H.E., Olla, B.L. (eds), Behavior of Marine Animals: Recent Advances: Plenum Publishing Press.
  • Özpiçak, M., Saygin, S., & Polat, N. (2017). The length-weight and length-length relationships of bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766) from Samsun (middle Black Sea region). Natural and Engineering Science (NEScience), 2(3), 28-36.
  • Özpiçak, M., Saygin, S., Aydın, A, Hançer, E., Yılmaz, S., & Polat, N. (2018). Otolith shape analyses of the Squalius cephalus (L., 1758) (Actinopterygii: Cyprinidae) inhabiting a few inland waters of the Middle Black Sea Region (Turkey), Iran. J. Ichthyol., 5(4), 293-302.
  • Pavlov, D.A. (2016). Differentiation of three species of the genus Upeneus (Mullidae) based on otolith shape analysis. Journal of Ichthyology, 56 (1), 37–51.
  • Reichenbacher, B., Gaudant, J., & Griessemer, T.W. (2007). A late Burdigalian gobiid fish, Gobius brevis (AGASSIZ, 1839), in the Upper Hydrobia Beds in the middle Upper Rhine Graben (W-Germany). Palaontologische Zeitschrift, 81(4), 365–375.
  • Renán X., Montero-Muñoz, J., Garza-Pérez, J.R. & Brulé, T. (2016). Age and stock analysis using otolith shape in Gags from the Southern Gulf of Mexico. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 145(6), 1252-1265.
  • Russ, J.C. (1990). Computer-assisted microscopy: the measurement and analysis of images. Plenum Press, New York. 453 pp.
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Karadeniz Bölgesi’nden Örneklenen Lüfer Balığının, Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766) Otolit Şekil Analizi

Year 2019, Volume: 15 Issue: 4, 507 - 516, 16.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.22392/actaquatr.559899

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Karadeniz Bölgesi’nin
Samsun ili açıklarından örneklenmiş olan lüfer balığının Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766) otolit şekil özellikleri ve otolit şeklinin otolit boyu ile olan
ilişkileri araştırılmıştır. Ticari balıkçılardan iki ayrı avcılık sezonu
içerisinde toplamda 166 (94

ve 72♂) adet örnek alınmıştır. Her bir örneğin sagittal otolitleri çıkarılmış
ve analizlerde altı farklı şekil indeksi (şekil faktörü, yuvarlaklık, dairesellik,
dikdörtgensellik, ovallik ve en-boy oranı) kullanılmıştır. Otolit şekil
özellikleri ile otolit boyu arasındaki ilişkilerin hesaplanması için linear
model tercih edilmiştir. İstatistiksel analizlerde paired t-testi, wilcoxon testi,
independent t testi gibi testler kullanılmıştır. Yakalanan örneklerin minimum
ve maksimum total boy ve ağırlıkları sırasıyla 13,50-24,80 cm ve 22,01-161,19 g
arasında değişmektedir. Total boy ve ağırlık bakımından dişi ve erkek bireyler
arasında fark yoktur. Dişi ve erkek bireylerin otolit ölçümleri otolit eni, boyu,
çevre ve alanı bakımından karşılaştırıldığında herhangi bir farklılık olmadığı
belirlenmiştir
(P˃0,05). Fakat sağ-sol karşılaştırmalarında otolit eni ve çevresi bakımından
farklılıklar saptanmıştır (P˂0,05). Ovallik parametresinin diğer beş
parametreye göre otolit boyu ile çok daha kuvvetli bir ilişkiye sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir
(r2˃0,590). 

References

  • Afanasyeva, P. K., Orlova, A. M., & Yu Rolskye, A. (2017). Otolith shape analysis as a tool for species identification and studying the population structure of different fish species. Fisheries Research, 176, 39–47.
  • Avigliano, E., Domanico, A., Sánchez, S., & Velpado, A.V. (2017). Otolith elemental fingerprint and scale and otolith morphometry in Prochilodus lineatus provide identification of natal nurseries. Fisheries Research, 186, 1-10.
  • Bal, H., Türker, D., & Zengin, K. (2018). Morphological characteristics of otolith for four fish species in the Edremit Gulf, Aegean Sea, Turkey. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 5(4), 303-311.
  • Bat, L., Sahin, F., Sezgin, M., Gonener, S., Erdem, E., & Ozsandikci U. (2018). Fishery of Sinop Coasts in the Black Sea Surveys. Eur J Biol,. 77(1), 18-25.Begg, G. A., & Brown, R. W. (2000). Stock identification of Haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus on Georges Bank based on otolith shape analysis. Transactions of American Fisheries Society, 129, 335–345.
  • Bostancı, D., & Yedier, S. (2018). Discrimination of invasive fish Atherina boyeri (Pisces: Atherinidae) populations by evaluating the performance of otolith morphometrics in several lentic habitats. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 27(6), 4493-4501.
  • Bostancı, D., Polat N., Kurucu, G., Yedier S., Kontaş, S., & Darcın, M. (2015). Using otolith shape and morphometry to identify four Alburnus species (A. chalcoides, A. escherichii, A. mossulensis and A. tarichi) in Turkish inland waters. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 31(6), 1013-1022.
  • Briggs, J.C. (1960). Fishes of world-wide (circumtropical) distribution. Copeia, 3, 171-180.
  • Buckel, J.A., Sharack, B.L., & Zdanowicz, V.S. (2004), Effect of diet on otolith composition in Pomatomus saltatrix, an estuarine piscivore. Journal of Fish Biology, 64, 1469-1484.
  • Cadrin, S.X., Friedland, K.D., & Waldman, J.R. (Eds.) (2005). Stock Identification Methods. Elsevier Academic Press.
  • Campana, S.E. (1999) Chemistry and composition of fish otoliths: pathways, mechanisms and applications. Mar. Ecol Prog Ser., 188, 263–297.
  • Campana, S.E., & Thorrold, S.R. (2001). Otoliths, increments, and elements: keys to a comprehensive understanding of fish populations? Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 58, 30 –38.
  • Campana, S. E., & Casselman, J. M. (1993). Stock discrimination using otolith shape analysis. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50, 1062–1083.
  • Cengiz, O., Ozekinci, U., & Oztekin, A. (2012). The relationships between total length-otolith length of bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix, (Linnaeus, 1766) from Gallipoli Peninsula and Dardanelles (North-eastern Mediterranean, Turkey). Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 2, 31-34.
  • Cengiz, O., Ozekinci, U., Oztekin, A., & Kumova, C. (2013). Growth parameters and mortality of bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix Linnaeus, 1766) from Gallipoli peninsula and Dardanelles (northeastern Mediterranean, Turkey). Mar. Sci. Tech. Bull, 2(1), 1-7.
  • Ceyhan, T., & Akyol, O. (2006). Age distribution and relationship between fork length and otolith length of bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix L., 1766) in the Sea of Marmara (in Turkish). E.U. Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences, 23(1-3), 369-372.
  • Ceyhan, T., Akyol, O., Ayaz, A., &Juanes, F. (2007). Age, growth, and reproductive season of bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) in the Marmara region, Turkey. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64, 531-536.
  • Cumplido, R., Netto, E.B.F., Rodrigues, M.T., de Melo Junior, U.G., & da Costa, P.A.S. (2018). A Review and the Length-Weight Relationship of Bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766), Pisces: Pomatomidae, at the Marine Extractive Reserve (RESEX-Mar) of Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Open Access Library Journal, 5, e4770.
  • Doustdar, M., Kaymaram, F., Seifali, M., Jamili, & S., Bani, A. (2019). Stock identification of Arabian yellow fin sea bream (Acanthopagrus arabicus) using shape of otolith in the Northern Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 18(1), 60-70.
  • Ferguson, G. J.; Ward, T. M. & Gillanders, B. M. (2011). Otolith shape and elemental composition: complementary tools for stock discrimination of mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus) in southern Australia. Fisheries Research, 110 (1): 75-83.
  • Gordina, A.D., & Klimova, T.N. (1996). On bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix L.) in the Black Sea. Marine and Freshwater Research, 47, 315-318.
  • Graves, J.E., McDowell, J.R., Beardsley, A.M., & Scoles, D.R. (1992). Stock Structure of the Bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix along the Mid-Atlantic Coast. Fishery Bulletin, 90, 703-710.
  • Hilborn, R., & Walters, C.J. (1992). Quantitative Fisheries Stock Assessment: Choice, Dynamics and Uncertainty. Chapman & Hall, New York, 570 pp.
  • Hüssy, C., Mosegaard, H., Albertsen, C. M., Nielsen, E. E., Hemmer-Hansen, J., & Eero, M. (2016). Evaluation of otolith shape as a tool for stock discrimination in marine fishes using Baltic Sea cod as a case study. Fisheries Research, 174, 210–218.
  • Juanes, F., Hare, J.A., & Miskiewicz, A.G. (1996). Comparing early life history strategies of Pomatomus saltatrix: a global approach. Marine and Freshwater Research, 47, 365-379.
  • L'abee-lund, J. H. (1988). Otolith shape discriminates between juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and brown trout, Salmo trutta L. J. Fish Biol., 33: 899-903
  • Lecomte-Finiger, R. (1992). The crystalline ultrastructure of otolith of the eel (A. anguilla L. 1758). Journal of Fish Biology, 40, 181–190.
  • Lucena, F.M., Vaske Jr., T., Ellis, J.R. & O’Brien, C.M. (2000). Seasonal variation in the diets of bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix (Pomatomidae) and striped weakfish, Cynoscion guatucupa (Sciaenidae) in Southern Brazil: ımplications of food partitioning. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 57, 423-434.
  • Miyan, K., Khan, M.A., Patel, D.K., Khan. S., & Ashari, N.G. (2016). Truss morphometry and otolith microchemistry reveal stock discrimination in Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758) inhabiting the Gangetic river system. Fisheries Research, 173, 294–302.
  • Moreira, C., Froufea, E., Vaz-Piresa, P., & Correia, A.T. (2019). Otolith shape analysis as a tool to infer the population structure of the blue jack mackerel, Trachurus picturatus, in the NE Atlantic. Fisheries Research, 209, 40–48.
  • Murta, A.G. (2000). Morphological variation of horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) in the Iberian and North African Atlantic: Implications for stock identification. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57, 1240-1248.
  • Nevesa, A., Vieira, A.R., Sequeira, V., Paiva, R.B., Janeiro, A.I., Gaspar, L.M., & Gordo, L.S. (2019). Otolith shape and isotopic ratio analyses as a tool to study Spondyliosoma cantharus population structure. Marine Environmental Research, 143, 93–100.
  • Nielsen, J. R., Methven, D. A., & Kristensen, K. (2010). A statistical discrimination method using sagittal otolith dimensions between sibling species of juvenile cod Gadus morhua and Gadus ogac from the Northwest Atlantic. J. Northw. Atl. Fish. Sci., 43, 27–45.
  • Nolf, D. (1995). Studies on fossil otoliths-the state of the art. In: D.H. Secor, J.M. Dean, and S.E. Campana (eds.), Recent Developments in Fish Otolith Research, 513–544. University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, South Carolina.
  • Nolf, D. (2013). The diversity of fish otoliths, past and present. Brussels: Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences. 222 p.
  • Olla, B.L., & Studholme, A. L. (1972): Daily and seasonal rhythms of activity in the bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix. pp. 303-326. In: Winn, H.E., Olla, B.L. (eds), Behavior of Marine Animals: Recent Advances: Plenum Publishing Press.
  • Özpiçak, M., Saygin, S., & Polat, N. (2017). The length-weight and length-length relationships of bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766) from Samsun (middle Black Sea region). Natural and Engineering Science (NEScience), 2(3), 28-36.
  • Özpiçak, M., Saygin, S., Aydın, A, Hançer, E., Yılmaz, S., & Polat, N. (2018). Otolith shape analyses of the Squalius cephalus (L., 1758) (Actinopterygii: Cyprinidae) inhabiting a few inland waters of the Middle Black Sea Region (Turkey), Iran. J. Ichthyol., 5(4), 293-302.
  • Pavlov, D.A. (2016). Differentiation of three species of the genus Upeneus (Mullidae) based on otolith shape analysis. Journal of Ichthyology, 56 (1), 37–51.
  • Reichenbacher, B., Gaudant, J., & Griessemer, T.W. (2007). A late Burdigalian gobiid fish, Gobius brevis (AGASSIZ, 1839), in the Upper Hydrobia Beds in the middle Upper Rhine Graben (W-Germany). Palaontologische Zeitschrift, 81(4), 365–375.
  • Renán X., Montero-Muñoz, J., Garza-Pérez, J.R. & Brulé, T. (2016). Age and stock analysis using otolith shape in Gags from the Southern Gulf of Mexico. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 145(6), 1252-1265.
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There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Structural Biology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Melek Özpiçak 0000-0003-3506-4242

Semra Saygın 0000-0002-3249-5074

Nazmi Polat 0000-0001-9785-9927

Publication Date December 16, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 15 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Özpiçak, M., Saygın, S., & Polat, N. (2019). Otolith Shape Analysis of Bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766) in the Black Sea Region (Samsun, Turkey). Acta Aquatica Turcica, 15(4), 507-516. https://doi.org/10.22392/actaquatr.559899